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Zorastrianiam is, from what I remember reading, a very dualistic religion, but that was from textbooks from my middle school and high school years...

Well, Christianity, Judaism, and Islam are the only ones that survived. Judaism was something that allowed the sort of thinking but due to a combination of circumstances including geopolitical position (Israel was at the center of several major trade routes), lack of Rome's wide-for-the-time...

That is less 'Christianity providing the basis' and more 'Christianity keeping it alive'... at least through my run with Rome-era history. You'll get occasional people/groups in non-Christian societies who were humanist-inclined (the father of history, Herodotus, is one of these people for his...