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Civil wars are the real pisser. Plagues are bad but as an act of nature they can't really be prevented, and can also put a damper on migration for the duration (few will want to move into an area currently being ravaged by plagues after all). Civil wars are the real unforced error going on, and...

Pulling up a map, the problem when you really get down to it is Germany. The Dniester- or even Dnieper-Vistula route would connect the frontier to the Black Sea, not far from the rich provinces of Greece and the Roman East. The problem with this strategic positioning is that there are no easy...

The issue is that while the Carpathians-Vistula border is geographically shorter it is logistically longer. The Rhine was such a stable border for so long because you can take river barges along the Rhone almost all the way to the Rhine, dramatically shortening travel time between the...

Whether or not the Romans force changes on every European culture if they were strong and stable enough to actually conquer Europe changes would happen. The whole of continental western Europe is roman influenced for a reason; people on the periphery wanted to integrate to the culture that would...

While there was far less of a backslide than is commonly believed you could well make the argument that the rate of new discoveries slowed dramatically. Not with the fall, however; the entire late Roman period was one of the sort of instability that discourages research. Whatever change is made...