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True, they were more ambitious in 1915 because of WWI and thus their greater paranoid about an immediate existential threat to them in Anatolia. You gotta remember that the 19th and early 20th century expulsions of Muslims from Circassia, the Caucasus, and the Balkans really fueled Ottoman...

What about the Hamidian massacres in the mid-1890s?

1915?

Against white Europeans, it's less likely. Unless we're talking about cultural genocide here, like with the Ukrainians.

It would be better for the Poles as well, who won't subsequently get Communism shoved down their throats for several decades. Not gaining the Recovered Territories is a small price to pay in comparison to that.

There's a middle ground between wanting to personally rule over Russia and wanting to leave Russia to the Bolsheviks! ;)

Did Pilsudski also want to overthrow the Communists in Moscow or simply to create an Intermarium?

The Jewish part was pretty short-lived due to purges and emigration. Well, that would have still been much better for the Ukrainians than Soviet rule, which produced the Holodomor for them!

@ATP By the way, my own view is that there should have been a "controlled demolition" of Russia after the end of World War I in order to remove all or at least most of the non-Russian-majority territories from its control/rule. I also think that these territories, along with the Russian core, of...

What should he have done instead? Go into exile?

I looked up Witos: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wincenty_Witos Interesting figure. Off-topic, but his younger brother lived to age 94: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Witos

Would Dmowski be cool with a Ukrainian puppet state? Did Witos envision Poles moving to Ukraine en masse? BTW, here's a map of Dmowski's desired Polish borders: Enough room for a small Ukrainian puppet state in the east!

Dmowski can satisfy himself by creating Polish and Belarusian puppet states rather than directly annexing these territories to Poland. Would Kiev's fate be settled via plebiscite? It was Russian before 1772, but Polish before 1667. Or would Poland simply let Russia have it? If there is to be an...

Would the Poles insist on any territories east of the 1772 frontiers or would they be happy with the 1772 frontiers?

What if the White Russians offer Poland a return to its 1772 eastern borders in exchange for Polish military help in crushing the Bolsheviks? This seems like an excellent offer for the White Russians to make during the Russian Civil War if they were actually smart: It would significantly...