Alternate History Vivat Stilicho!

stevep

Well-known member
Well, it would be a matter of degrees. The historical Roman Emperors were heads of Church, considerably more than what has been formalized here for the Byzantines, which didn't stop conversions to Orthodoxy by outright mortal enemies of the Empire like the Bulgarians. As were the Holy Roman Emperors, who made very heavy use of bishoprics to control their secular vassals. Sometimes, the cultural prestige just outweighs other considerations, and that would only be higher with a mightier, more unified Ephesian empire. Fighting over the loyalty of Church officials who also are government officials would of course be a thing, which happened in Bulgaria and Russia and most famously the investiture controversy in the historical HRE.

And the historical Islamic Caliphate being an explicit theocratic monarchy never seemed to harm much the mostly voluntary (and entirely locally driven even for forced) conversion of South East Asia.

True but there's no clear rival compared to the TTL for much of the region that is possible for conversion and with Islam while far distant states that converted might pay token obedience to whatever Caliph was about at the time didn't mean they would have the direct influence that the empire would have here for neighbouring states.

OTL in the west, which saw the bulk of the conquests, there was no political overlord and after their losses to Islam the ERE was never quite the overwhelmingly dominant colossus that the 'HRE' is here.

I'm not saying its a problem that can't be overcome - albeit that the imperial/clerical 1st approach would probably be overwhelming force - but I think the Christianization of most of northern Europe is likely to be more difficult here because its less attractive to local rulers. In fact that this foreign faith is linked to a unified religious structure that threatens them with death and a very large empire that is closely attached to that religious establishment is going to make a fair number wary of having anything to do with it.
 

shangrila

Well-known member
OTL in the west, which saw the bulk of the conquests, there was no political overlord and after their losses to Islam the ERE was never quite the overwhelmingly dominant colossus that the 'HRE' is here.
During the earlier, stronger period of the historical HRE, the Emperors were essentially the political overlord of the Church, insofar as any of the lessor states neighboring it were concerned. The Ottonians ruled pretty heavily through their control of the Church hierarchy, and saw Denmark and Poland's voluntary conversion. Both, indeed, were initially religiously subordinated to Imperial Archdioceses, which at the time were agents of the Emperor.

It's commonly believed that Poland's historical conversion, while voluntary, was heavily driven by a desire to reduce raiding by German princes. In this timeline, I'm not sure there really is less carrot compared with the Ottonian HRE for neighbors, but a lot more stick. And for peoples far away, the cultural hegemony would only be greater.

Of course, the Ottonians also saw the Slav Uprising which reversed the Christianization of what would be Germany beyond the Elbe for 2 centuries, no doubt driven in part by the union of religious proselytization and political conquest. But, well, for that kind of pushback, more stick would also help.
 
722-724: Dueling Dragons, Part II

Circle of Willis

Well-known member
In Western Europe, 722 was a year which revolved around the final clash between the Holy Roman Empire and their long-lost province of Britannia. Having managed to hold the English off in the previous year, the Ríodam Madoe turned his attention to three objectives: one, augmenting his army with the Cambrian reinforcements and also scouring additional manpower from wherever he could find it, in preparation for the worst-case scenario of a Roman landing; two, suppressing the Ephesian presence in Lundéne; and three, trying to prevent the Romans from crossing the Channel by once more destroying their fleet, either in harbor or at sea. In that last regard, alas the Britons' fortune ran dry after their success in 721 – Edhérn d'Andride attacked Aloysius' second fleet as it mustered at Boulogne at the end of winter, but this time the Romans were ready and drove the British back into the sea with great force and much bloodshed (for the Britons).

Having failed to destroy the Roman fleet in port, Madoe next directed his admirals to engage them in the waters of the Channel and ensure the Roman army would never be able to cross safely. But the British had never before faced the business end of Greek fire siphons, and Rome's armored marines (milites musculatarii) far outnumbered theirs. Consequently the naval Battle off Marck (as 'Marcae' was known to the local Gallo-Romans now) proved to be disastrous for the Britons, who lost 30 ships and saw another 22 captured out of 80 vessels – virtually their entire naval strength – while the Romans lost a similar number of vessels, but could much more easily absorb their losses given that they had sent nearly 250 ships into the same engagement. Lord Edhérn himself, aware of what a defeat of this magnitude meant for the future of Britannia, reportedly made no attempt to save himself after his flagship was set ablaze and chose to go down with its flaming ruin instead.

Since trying to destroy the Roman fleet in harbor, then at sea, had failed this year, Madoe was left praying desperately for a storm or sea monster to destroy the Roman navy. These prayers went unanswered and as the remnants of the British fleet reported that the Romans were beginning to cross in force come the summer months, the High King commended his soul to God and marched to fight them head-on. In June Aloysius Caesar landed unopposed at Andride, where the garrison commander lost all hope at the sight of the still-massive Roman fleet (and the host which it bore) and surrendered, accepting Artur as his king, rather than make a futile stand and surely die. From there he and his 40,000 men, including a siege train with which he intended to reduce Lundéne to rubble if the city didn't surrender, had barely begun to advance inland along the northwesterly roads before they found the British host arrayed for combat atop Mount Caburn, overlooking their pathway as well as town of Métanton[1] directly to its west, on the morning of June 30.

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Madoe of Britannia, not even twenty at the time he faced his older brother Artur and the power of Rome. Despite his youth, inexperience & being a usurper, he demonstrated such bravery and determination that onlookers thought he could have made a fine High King, given more time – and if he didn't have to face impossible odds immediately after taking up the sword of Artur I

The 15,000 Britons held the high ground and were prepared to make good use of it, forming their infantry into a stout shield-wall along its crest. Reinforcements from Cambria and Cornovia had restored some strength to Madoe's army, but at least 5,000 of his troops were levies of poor quality, hastily assembled from the streets of Lundéne or the nearby farmlands in a frantic attempt to defend their homeland; these had to be stationed behind the shield-wall comprised of more professional Romano-British legionaries & warriors from the hinterland with the intent of adding mass to the formation, since they were understood to have no chance against Rome's own heavy infantry if thrust unsupported into close combat with them. The British archers were deployed before and just below their infantry on the high southern slopes of Mount Caburn, where at the time of the Roman army's arrival, they'd been in the middle of driving sharpened wooden stakes into the dirt to form barriers not only to keep the Roman cavalry away but also hopefully funnel the enemy infantry into attack theirs along more narrow fronts – thereby limiting or neutralizing their numerical advantage. Had the Romans tried to march into Métanton and onward to Lundéne, said archers would be able to shower them with arrows from the very high ground so long as they remained on the road, and there was no immediate alternative for Aloysius' host save trying to wade through the marsh southwest of Métanton.

The archers picked up their longbows and opened fire on the Romans as the latter drew up for battle, making good use of their terrain advantage to inflict stinging losses on Aloysius' host at this early stage. The Caesar sent his crossbowmen forth to counter them while keeping the rest of his army back, but the arcuballistarii found themselves badly outranged so far beneath the heights of the great hill which the British occupied; worse still, the skilled British longbowmen fired at a rate superior to their own, so much so that they struggled to peek above their scuta to shoot back without being struck down by the rain of British arrows. As it became clear that his crossbow corps could not overcome their adversaries on Mount Caburn, Aloysius directed them to withdraw behind & beneath their pavises while he brought out his artillery. The mighty mangonels & ballistae which he originally planned to lay waste to the British capital with proved much more effective at combating the Britons at long range, their boulders and huge steel bolts striking the British positions with far greater ease than any crossbow bolt or arrow, and cleared the way for an infantry advance by driving the British missile troops into retreat.

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The legions of Britannia, backed by hastily-levied mobs of Pelagian peasants, prepare for those of Rome to collide with them atop Mount Caburn

The Roman infantry had the advantage of numbers, their legions outnumbering those of the British by more than two to one, and also had an edge when it came to their short-to-medium-range missile weapons – each Roman legionary carried five or six plumbata darts for this purpose, while their Romano-British counterparts only bore one or two javelins apiece. Nevertheless, the British were dug-in on very favorable terrain and determined to defend their homeland. For hours they fought the Romans bravely on the southern slopes of Mount Caburn, while said Romans for their part demonstrated the discipline which their enemies invariably found unsettling, advancing wordlessly and relentlessly in orderly ranks no matter what the British threw at them or how high the piles of their own dead grew. Madoe led the British cavalry (now about 1,800 strong) in furious counter-charges to reinforce any section of his line which seemed to be in danger of buckling, rallying his men and pushing the Romans back before they could create any real breakthrough.

Late in the afternoon, a frustrated Aloysius led his own cavalry (some 5,000 strong) on a ride straight up the road from Andride, around Mount Caburn and into Métanton itself, hoping to outmaneuver the British defenders and break up their line with a surprise charge into their rear while they were distracted with his infantry. Madoe spotted the Roman movement from the peak of Mount Caburn however, and raced downhill with his own horsemen as well as his unengaged archers to stop them. A large skirmish broke out on the eastern outskirts of the town along the banks of the Usé[2], during which the Britons continued to fight fiercely despite not being as fresh (and certainly nowhere near as numerous) as their Roman adversaries. It was here near twilight that the decisive blow fell: Madoe was unhorsed and cornered in a local taberna (tavern), but made it clear he would not surrender by violently lashing out at his pursuers among Aloysius' paladins, at which point the Caesar agreed to duel him both as an acknowledgment of his valor and so as to spare Artur the need to take his own little brother's life instead. In a clash which would still be celebrated by chivalric poets many centuries down the road, Aloysius – himself having come a long way since he was nearly killed by Izzat al-Habashi's battlefield assassins in the Battle of Gergis a decade prior – struck down the valiant but less experienced British king with a thrust to the heart.

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Legionaries of the army which Aloysius brought to Britannia. The prominence of the 'draco' standard used by the Roman cavalry led British historians to associate the Aloysians with the imagery of a golden dragon (contrasting with their own red and the Anglo-Saxons' white dragons), a romantic habit which Aloysius himself liked & which would later be picked up by continental chroniclers to a lesser extent

What remained of the British cavalry was put to flight after their king's demise, and the rest of their army would soon follow as news of Madoe's fall spread. The Romans were prepared to strike off the pretender's head and stick it on a pike for proof, but were dissuaded from this course of action by Artur, who insisted that they treat his brother's corpse with a modicum of respect; so instead they took the body up to Mount Caburn with them, and with it Artur strove to compel as much of the crumbling British army to surrender so that he might avoid starting his reign with a massacre of his own subjects. By nightfall the levies had dispersed, having thrown down their improvised weapons and been allowed to go home by Artur, while a large part of the British legions who'd survived up to this point had switched allegiances and hailed him as the true Ríodam or else surrendered and were disarmed. However, about three thousand of Madoe's legionaries cursed all those men as traitors and insisted on fighting to the death; the Romans obliged, driving them from the peak of Mount Caburn toward the hill-village of Créon[3] overnight. There, joined by a hundred of the British cavaliers who had fled earlier but now returned to wash their shame away with their own blood and that of the Ephesians, the remaining thousand or so of these Pelagian diehards mounted a last stand against Aloysius' reserves which lasted until the dawn of July 1, 722.

The bloody and hard-fought Roman victory in the Battle of Métanton had the effect of crippling British resistance, since the latter had thrown virtually all their remaining fighting strength onto Mount Caburn and the adjacent town in a desperate bid to stave off the Roman onslaught – the end had finally come for an independent Britannia, it seemed, just as it had for the independent Hoggar far to the south. Resistance lingered on the way to Lundéne, but no British baron or count had enough strength left to delay the Romans for more than a day at this point, and others who might have fought to the death were persuaded to surrender in exchange for clemency by Artur. Bishop Malcor left Lundéne to rally opposition (and hide) in the countryside, resulting in the citizens of the British capital surrendering after Aloysius gave them a demonstration of Roman power by having his mangonels destroy the Ludgate on its western wall. Consequently, Artur V was formally crowned by an Ephesian bishop in the city after symbolically drawing the first Artur's sword Caliburn from a rock (into which it had been discreetly placed on his orders), and prior to immediately swearing allegiance to Emperor Constantine VI with Aloysius Caesar as a proxy. From the north the English king Æthelstan (previously still licking the wounds Madoe gave him) took advantage of Britannia's weakness to resume pushing southward, as well. Suffice to say that upon hearing of the birth of his only daughter, conceived prior to his departure from Boulogne, Aloysius had good reason to have her baptized as Victoria – incidentally also starting the Aloysian family tradition of naming children born after a major victory abroad 'Victor' or 'Victoria' which would echo well into future centuries.

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Artur V striving to prove to his subjects that, despite being the first Ephesian to rule Britannia in three centuries, he is no less qualified to be their High King than any of his forefathers

In the east, while the sons of Irene the Roman continued to press against their eldest brother in Khazaria, Islam was experiencing two developments of importance. The first was Nusrat al-Din's march into Persia, with the intent of suppressing the Murji'ite uprising in the northern mountains. This he would accomplish, slowly but surely, in protracted fighting against the heretical guerrillas across the Alborz and western Aladagh Mountains over the next few years. His ultimate victory over this second rebel sect would have been much more difficult, or even impossible, without the total cooperation of the remaining native Persian elite, who in turn were able to expand their estates and acquire a widening share of high offices in the Caliphal administration beyond even the provincial level. Most notably, while campaigning under Al-Din's wing the now seventeen-year-old Caliph Hashim became enamored with a Persian lady of the Gilak Shahanshahvand clan, Farah bint Asfar, and took her as his first & most favored wife. Even at this early stage she was able to exert enough influence over him to get her father Asfar ibn Arman named wali of Azerbaijan (a territory encompassing the entirety of northwest Persia and what remained of Islam's hold in the Caucasus, including their native Gilan).

The second was that the Alids had crossed the great Ganges and now engaged in their final drive to conquer as much of India as they could, with the hope of even toppling the Hunas once and for all. Abduljalil and 'Al-Arab at first scored additional victories over the already-badly-exsanguinated and disordered Indian resistance they encountered early on, sacking Ayodhya and laying waste to the fertile farms of the great Doab, but the brothers were met with a stinging rebuff at the hands of the vengeful Buddhatala at the Battle of Ekchakra[4] – a fitting place for the first major Huna victory over the forces of Islam in many years in the reckoning of Buddhists and Hindus alike, for it was said to be an abode of demons and the location of Rama's victory over the devil Taraka. The end of 722 saw the Muslims forced back to the Ganges, where Abduljalil & 'Al-Arab had brought up reinforcements from as far as Yaman in preparation for making a stand. At stake was Islam's future in the subcontinent, and the prestige of the Banu Hashim as well.

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A war elephant of Buddhatala's army, setting out toward Ekchakra to show the world that the Hunas still had some fight left in them and that the new invaders from the west would not be allowed to run roughshod over all India

723 saw the Romans still engaged in consolidating their control over Britannia. Artur was able to persuade Aloysius to give the Pendragons one more chance, and allow him to issue both a general amnesty to whoever was willing to take it and an edict of tolerance: the 'Proclamation of Verúlamy[5]' allowed the Pelagians to retain their churches and to worship within said churches' walls, although each parish would now have to pay out of pocket for their churches' upkeep – royal tax money being instead diverted to the construction of new Ephesian churches – with the sole exception (for now) of Lundéne's old basilica, which was reclaimed for Ephesianism at long last. Pelagian bishops and priests were allowed to continue operating as long as they swore allegiance to and abided by the laws of the new regime, although when they died the Ríodam would not be appointing new ones to take their place. Pelagians accused of a crime would also still have some legal protections and be entitled to a trial, although insulting the Ephesian creed was made a misdemeanor.

It was the hope of Artur that this proclamation would remove the need to physically exterminate the Pelagians who still made up the majority of his subjects, while providing a path for the gradual diminishing of the heretical sect – how could they be expected to operate without any clergy after the last bishops died out and were not replaced, after all? At the same time, he was counting on his backers to finance missionary efforts which he planned to support with legal & political measures (such as requiring public adherence to Ephesianism to be appointed to court offices and stacking the Council of Britain with Ephesian nobles), as well of course to protect him from Pelagian rebels. When a critical mass of the British population had been swayed to orthodox Ephesianism, the Proclamation of Verúlamy would have outlived its purpose and could be repealed. Aloysius signed on to this scheme and promised to push for a new ecumenical council where he'd try to finesse Ephesian dogma in such a way as to make it more palatable for Pelagians, thereby accelerating their reintegration into the Roman state church, but warned that Semi-Pelagianism would not be on the docket (having proven to be unworkable on both ends) and that there would be a much harsher & more thorough crackdown if Artur proved incapable of handling the situation with his more moderate measures.

While Artur assembled his first government and the carrots with which he sought to win his people over, Aloysius was out using the stick on recalcitrants. In Lundéne he oversaw the training of new, more loyal legions recruited from the surviving Ephesian population, and also helped finance the reconstruction of the city's defenses as a token of goodwill from Britain's new overlord; beyond the city walls his legions marched across the land with those Britons who defected after Madoe's death, whose dubious loyalty would be tested by having to form the first wave in assaults on rebel Pelagian holdouts ranging from nobles' câstels (fortified villas-turned-castles) to a growing number of towns, especially as they pushed further west, though the larger cities such as Gloué capitulated. Bishop Malcor was in fact captured on the road to the mountains of Cambre near the village of Verlucé[6], and immediately burned at the stake for heresy (also treason & the murder of the Ríodam Bedur) – a martyr to those Pelagians determined to carry on the fight, and a potent warning that the Romans' patience would not be limitless to the less brave. Aloysius also encountered Æthelstan of the English this year, and initially fêted him as an honored ally; however it did not take long for the Caesar to 'invite' the Anglo-Saxon king to sit down for cordial negotiations of a federate contract which would place England under Roman overlordship, albeit under terms far more favorable than what had been given to Artur – after all, he did still have over 30,000 men running around on the island, and this seemed a great chance to restore the Roman authority in the north all the way back up to the Antonine Wall.

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The Pelagian rebel chief Malcor is consigned to the flames. While generally reputed as a merciful and honorable man, Aloysius Caesar had no quarter to give Malcor, who he blamed for not only treasonously murdering his own king & imposing a usurper on the British throne but also derailing Roman plans to peacefully recover the lost British provinces

Beyond Roman borders, while Nusrat al-Din and the Caliph Hashim continued to make steady progress against the Murji'ites in Persia with the aid of their growing numbers of collaborators, the latter's Alid cousins were fighting for their lives against Buddhatala at the Battle of Mallawan. Buddhatala had expected the Muslims to be worn down and demoralized since he gave them a thrashing at Ekchakra, so he was rudely surprised when 'Al-Arab led their cavalry on aggressive raids to harass and delay his own advancing army. Worse still, Abduljalil had used the time his brother bought to cut down trees belonging to the sacred forest of Naimisaranya and construct catapults from the lumber with the assistance of Muslim Persian engineers, which he would then load with rubble taken from destroyed Buddhist and Hindu shrines.

The Battle of Mallawan which followed was hard-fought, as Buddhatala was determined to expel the barbaric and all-destroying invaders from the empire which he was set to inherit at last while the Alids knew that not only would their lives be forfeit in defeat after the utter lack of mercy they themselves had shown up to this point, but a loss here would further destabilize the Banu Hashim's hold on the Caliphate even more at a time when they could ill-afford it. Ultimately, the ferocity of the Islamic cavalry and their deployment of Abduljalil's catapults won the day against Buddhatala's war elephants, but the Hunas had given almost as good as they got and were able to retreat in good order under the cover of nightfall while the Alid brothers had to rest & reorganize their own ranks. Buddhatala managed to rally his troops once they were back over the Ganges and soundly defeat the pursuing Alids at the Battle of Rahi[7], once more driving them back toward that great river's upper banks.

The two sides found themselves at an impasse late in 723, and as they both faced increasingly ambitious & hostile Hindu powers stirring to their south, when Buddhatala sued for peace the Alids took him up on his offer. At this point the Huna army was in even worse shape than that of the easternmost Hashemites, severely bloodied from the lengthy civil war and various defeats inflicted by the Muslims before, during and after said civil war. Nevertheless Buddhatala was able to put on a sufficiently persuasive ruse with extra campfires and scarecrows armored as soldiers to trick the Alids, themselves exhausted by years of conflict both among themselves and with outside enemies, to take the peace negotiations seriously and not try to mount yet another push against him with hopes of reaching the Mahodadhi[8] (which was known to the Romans as the Sinus Gangeticus).

The upper length of the Ganges down to Prayāga, which the Muslims called 'Allahabad', was set as the boundary between the Dar al-Islam and what remained of the Hunas' empire, thereby marking no small amount of expansion for Islam into India while still allowing the Huna state to survive, though their best days were clearly behind them. Upon receiving word of this agreement, Caliph Hashim himself signed off on it, finding the new conquests to be worthy additions to his realm and believing the Alids' assertion that they had pushed their army & luck as far as they could. The subcontinent could now be said to be divided into an Islamic west, a Christian northwest (in the form of the Indo-Roman kingdom of the Belisarians), a Buddhist east (with the Hunas establishing a new capital at Gauda in Bengal, since Indraprastha had been conquered & destroyed by the Muslims) and a Hindu south; by far the Hindus held the largest territory in India, stretching from Gujarat, the Vindhya Range and the southern banks of the Ganges in the north to the land-bridge to Lanka in the south, though they were also the most disunited.

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Negotiations between the Alid brothers and Buddhatala, which would mark the upper Ganges as the current boundary between Islam in India and the remnant of the Huna Empire

North of the Islamic world where the dust from Abdullah ibn Abd al-Rahman's errors was beginning to settle, the Khazar civil war was quickly approaching its climax. Bulan & Kayqalagh mounted coordinated offensives to bring down their big brother Balgichi, and finally got their chance to finish him off at the Battle of Bozok[9]. Turkic singers immortalized the 'whirlwinds of arrows' which the hordes of Balgichi and the sons of Irene loosed at one another, and the thousands of lances which shattered in their furious charges; but they also universally noted that the combined strength of the brothers was more than double that of Balgichi's, and so that despite hardly being lacking in courage himself, he was eventually overwhelmed and slain while his shattered ranks dispersed like dirt in the wind. Bulan & Kayqalagh did not long celebrate their victory – the former now claimed to be Khagan over the Khazars, but the latter argued that in overthrowing Balgichi they had disposed of the principle of primogeniture, and in any case he was no more eager to bow before his second brother than he had been with the first. Despite their mother's efforts to build an agreement between her sons, war soon came to the steppes again as Bulan rode to subdue (or kill) his remaining brother, who similarly prepared to strike down his remaining obstacle on the road to the Khaganate.

Most of 724 saw Aloysius remaining in Britannia to further root out resistance, which was increasingly being pushed into the wooded mountains of Cambre – the British in the east and south of the kingdom (lacking such favorable terrain to hide in & fight from) were more willing to bend the knee before the overwhelming disparity between their remaining power and that of the Holy Roman Empire, as well as Artur's apparent commitment to the terms of his Proclamation of Verúlamy and to leaving Pelagian British knights and noblemen who hailed him as their king in place. The new Ephesian British legions recruited from the capital's environs, though still small in number, proved brave (sometimes even overzealous) collaborator troops; however no small number of those men had lost friends and/or family to Madoe's & Malcor's purge, and so as he once did in Africa Aloysius had to keep an eye on them to keep them under control and unable to pointlessly abuse his client king's Pelagian subjects in an attempt to get even, for ironically the continental Roman and federate troops generally proved better-behaved than them as they marched across the British countryside.

The Roman Caesar also had to spend a good deal of time negotiating the federate contract with the Anglo-Saxons. Æthelstan had expected the Romans to make such a demand once they had the chance, since his own kingdom did roughly constitute the northern half of old Roman Britain as far as the remains of the Antonine Wall, but thought that between their long history as Roman allies (including in this latest war with the Britons) and their having converted to Ephesian Christianity long ago, he had the room to drive a hard bargain. He pushed for a concession in the form of the annexation of more British land to England; Artur pushed back, being obviously reluctant to part with much of his kingdom, and arguing that he would fatally undermine his own already-fragile credibility as Ríodam if he gave too much away to his people's ancestral enemies.

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The English king Æthelstan comes to negotiate his kingdom's integration into the Roman imperial framework, not as defeated subjects but as willing allies – who sought compensation for having voluntarily converted to Christianity and supported Rome for many years

Aloysius, for his part, saw merit in both arguments and sought to avoid either offending the English so much that they refused his terms (which would have forced him to go to war against what had been a generally reliable ally up to this point) or causing his newly-installed client regime in southern Britain to collapse. He ruled that the English should hold on to those lands they had managed to take from Britannia up to this point, expanding the rule of the Raedwaldings southward to span much of the Fens down to the river which they called the 'Great Ouse' – including the 'Isle of Eels'[10] where the Romans and Anglo-Saxons would jointly finance the construction of an abbey to commemorate their victory over Pelagianism and eternal friendship – and southwestward to the confluence of the Sabrénne[11] with the Avon[12], following the latter river's course to its source near the newly-founded English town of Hnaefsburg[13] to form a new border with Britannia north of Ladroé[14]. While these not-inconsiderable gains represented the furthest southward advances the English kingdom had been able to make to date, it left major cities like Gloué and Déuarí[15] (which Æthelstan had been unable to conquer anyway) under British control and preserved a corridor linking Cambre to the rest of Britannia.

With the territorial arrangements made and Æthelstan pledging to suppress Pelagian activity in the lands newly annexed into England, a deal making the latter kingdom into another federate vassal of Rome's was now within reach. In light of their longstanding alliance and the baptism of the Anglo-Saxons during Stilichian times, Aloysius offered the English king a generous contract and pledged in his father's name that Rome would not interfere in English internal affairs unless called upon, terms which (coupled with the recognition of his territorial gains) Æthelstan readily accepted – he wanted to remain on the Romans' good side not only to ensure that they'd never have cause to back the British (should the latter ever be wholly converted to Ephesianism) against England, but also to avoid having to fight the still-considerable Roman forces in Britain. With this diplomatic coup Roman authority had been restored over the entirety of their old British provinces, albeit through two vassal kingdoms this time – indeed it could now be said that the Roman Empire in the West had recovered its full former borders, and then some – and Aloysius Caesar earned the nickname 'Britannicus' from contemporary chroniclers.

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With strokes of sword and pen, Aloysius Britannicus had made it so that after hundreds of years of separation, the legions can once more sing: 'A ferventi aestuosa Libya volat aquila legionum supra terram Britannorum!' – 'From scorching-hot Libya flies the eagle of the legions over the land of the Britons!'

However, this triumph would be undercut by tragedy…and trouble. While the Augustus was busy drafting the next stage of his reform plans, which would have introduced barbarians (recruited from the royal families of the federate kingdoms) to the Senate in exchange for the concession of some legislative powers to that body and the transfer of the responsibility of drafting laws to the princeps senatus (leader of the Senate) from the quaestor sacrii palatii (who, in remaining the Emperor's chief legal advisor, took on a role more like that of an attorney-general than a legislator), he overworked himself to the point of catching a cold during the fall months. Despite the efforts of his physicians this cold soon worsened to pneumonia, leaving Constantine on his deathbed before the end of 724; to his last days he insisted that his heir be made privy to his plans, so that the soon-to-be Aloysius II might continue where he had left off. As word of his passing spread, elements among the Patriarchate of Constantinople still opposed to the Council of Miletus' declarations on the modified filioque and the Aloysian emperors' claim to being Christ's earthly regent – so-called 'Reversionists' led by Anastasios of Thessalonica, who resented having been coerced into signing off on that council's canons – conspired with those among the Greek nobility who did not wish to be ruled by yet another barbarian-blooded Westerner to elevate a more pliant 'native son' candidate to the purple in the Orient. Still, few outside of Anastasios himself objected to Constantine VI being nicknamed 'the Wise' in death, for even most of his opponents could not deny his considerable prudence, attention to matters of state and strong scholarly credentials.

While the main Muslim army had just about finished mopping up Murji'ite forces in the mountains of Tabaristan and the Alids moved to consolidate their blood-soaked conquests in northwestern India, the remaining Ashina brothers were settling their fraternal dispute in the steppes to the north. Bulan drew first blood and dealt Kayqalagh a stinging defeat in the Battle of Lake Kushmurun, but Kayqalagh turned the tables and put his elder brother to flight with a feint & counter-charge at the Battle of Sighnaq on the Syr Darya. Kayqalagh in turn pursued Bulan to the north, but the latter turned and smote him in the Battle of the Lower Tobyl[16]. Further protracted fighting was avoided thanks to the intervention of Irene, as both of her bloodied sons were more willing to listen to her now.

Kayqalagh (who had appealed for her renewed intervention in the first place) agreed to finally acknowledge Bulan as Khagan over all the Khazars, while Bulan – although holding his brother in contempt for apparently running & hiding under their mother's skirt when the going got tough for him – grudgingly agreed to keep the former around as a subordinate Khan with authority over the southeastern reaches of the Khazar Khaganate. Bulan further pledged to marry his toddler son Sartäç to his eldest niece Esin, the firstborn daughter of Kayqalagh. Considering that Sartäç was raised primarily by his Jewish mother while Esin had been brought up as a Buddhist by her Tegreg mother, how their marriage was supposed to work and its effects on the future of the Khazar nation was a mystery which neither brother had an answer for. In the meantime however, with their bloodletting at an end for now, toward 724's end Irene conspired to redirect the brothers' attention to he who she considered their common rival: their cousin, the new Roman Emperor Aloysius II.

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Kayqalagh and Bulan reconcile, for now, at the behest of their mother, who had implanted in them higher ambitions than simply killing the other so that they might rule the steppes alone

As Roman authority spread across Britannia with the march of its legions and insular allies alike, fervent Pelagians who wished to neither submit to the authority of their puppet king (having already deduced that Artur V's edict of tolerance was unlikely to be upheld indefinitely when the Romans sought to make all their subjects acknowledge the Emperor as Christ's regent on the Earth sooner or later) or to die beneath their blades resolved to realize the backup plan laid down by previous Ríodams – fleeing west to the New World across the ocean, where a refuge had already been set up over the previous century. Unfortunately, the route to get to their distant sanctuary was obstructed by the Ephesian Irish at practically every step of the way. A council of the rebel chiefs & magnates still holding out in mountainous Cambre agreed to send a delegation to re-establish contact with the Britons already in the New World, warning them of what had happened and the refugee wave that was sure to come. However the road was hard, as the Irish still controlled Greater and Lesser Paparia as well as the entryway into the Sant-Pelagé[17], and had no reason to allow the heretic Britons to pass by them in peace, much less to give them food and shelter.

Out of the twenty intrepid souls the rebel leaders could find for this mission, two survived frostbite, hunger, the rough northern seas and hostile Irishmen (invariably by hiding far away from any visible Irish settlement or outpost and doing their best to not attract attention) to make it down the Sant-Pelagé in the freezing fall months. They brought the grave news to the headman of Porte-Réial, who in turn called a grand council of the notable Pelagians of Aloysiana: what were they to do now that the day their grandfathers feared had finally come to pass, and the homeland had fallen back under the power of Roman tyrants? Recognizing the last red dragon, reduced to (as far as they were concerned, anyway) a pawn of the dreaded golden one which had come from the European mainland breathing cursed flame and inviting the weak-willed & cowardly to come worship it as God's shadow upon the Earth, as their Ríodam was clearly not an option. Plans were made to retake Isle de Sanctuaire from the New World Irish, so as to make travel to their colony at least a little bit easier for their co-religionists, and to also establish a fully-fledged and sovereign government of their own. The delegates from Britannia meanwhile would have to return overseas after the winter had passed, to report to the faithful that their sanctuary still stood and that – while it may be a bitterly cold, barren and wild land surrounded by the barbaric Wildermen & slightly less barbaric Irish – it was not totally inhospitable to human life, and at least they'd be free to practice their faith & live by their own laws there.

====================================================================================

[1] Mutuantonis – Lewes.

[2] The River Ouse in Sussex.

[3] Offham. The name 'Créon' is a Brydany descendant of the Latin creta ('chalk'), similar to the French 'crayon', for the chalk pits in that area.

[4] Arrah.

[5] Verulamium – St Albans.

[6] Verlucio – Spye Park.

[7] In Raebareli district, west of the city of Raebareli itself.

[8] The Bay of Bengal.

[9] In the vicinity of modern Astana.

[10] Isle of Ely.

[11] 'Sabrina' – the River Severn.

[12] The Warwickshire Avon, to be exact. This name is identical not only to the modern English spelling but also the Breton rendition of the Old Brittonic 'Abona'.

[14] Lactodurum – Towcester.

[15] Deva Victrix – Chester.

[16] The Tobol River.

[17] The Saint Lawrence River.
 
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PsihoKekec

Swashbuckling Accountant
So the interesting events in the coming years is a Greek rebellion and Khazar invasion (probably followed by next Khazar civil war), all of which will encourage the Muslims to have another go. I reckon British longbowmen will soon be in great demand.
 

shangrila

Well-known member
Not sure the rebellion could get anywhere, as long as Aloysius I was smart enough to make sure his field armies aren't majority recruited where they are based. The Aloysians were also good to the Anatolian militias and barely Christian Federates, who are unlikely to be much influenced by a unhappy cleric.

On the other hand, the rebels might just be dumb enough to cripple the response to a Khazar invasion. It sure wouldn't be the first or last instance of betraying fellow Christians over tiny disagreements in doctrine to outright heathens.

Irene is sure dumb as hell though to think she could possibly impose a pagan or Jew or hybrid of both as Roman Emperor. The Roman/Khazar alliance was based on the very sound logic that their borders don't allow meaningful gains either direction, only exhausting their forces for a mutual enemy to exploit.
 

stevep

Well-known member
During the earlier, stronger period of the historical HRE, the Emperors were essentially the political overlord of the Church, insofar as any of the lessor states neighboring it were concerned. The Ottonians ruled pretty heavily through their control of the Church hierarchy, and saw Denmark and Poland's voluntary conversion. Both, indeed, were initially religiously subordinated to Imperial Archdioceses, which at the time were agents of the Emperor.

It's commonly believed that Poland's historical conversion, while voluntary, was heavily driven by a desire to reduce raiding by German princes. In this timeline, I'm not sure there really is less carrot compared with the Ottonian HRE for neighbors, but a lot more stick. And for peoples far away, the cultural hegemony would only be greater.

Of course, the Ottonians also saw the Slav Uprising which reversed the Christianization of what would be Germany beyond the Elbe for 2 centuries, no doubt driven in part by the union of religious proselytization and political conquest. But, well, for that kind of pushback, more stick would also help.

True but I was thinking more of the earlier period when much of Germany was converted and also of say Scandinavia later on when the church was clearly separate from the empire in terms of adopting Christianity didn't mean any connection with, let alone subordination to the emperor.
 

stevep

Well-known member
Not sure the rebellion could get anywhere, as long as Aloysius I was smart enough to make sure his field armies aren't majority recruited where they are based. The Aloysians were also good to the Anatolian militias and barely Christian Federates, who are unlikely to be much influenced by a unhappy cleric.

On the other hand, the rebels might just be dumb enough to cripple the response to a Khazar invasion. It sure wouldn't be the first or last instance of betraying fellow Christians over tiny disagreements in doctrine to outright heathens.

Irene is sure dumb as hell though to think she could possibly impose a pagan or Jew or hybrid of both as Roman Emperor. The Roman/Khazar alliance was based on the very sound logic that their borders don't allow meaningful gains either direction, only exhausting their forces for a mutual enemy to exploit.

I would agree on all those points. The only big winner is likely to be Islam as its rivals engage in ruinous wars that drain their strength. It was bad enough that the Huna's extreme bad luck continued and their unlikely to last long in this TL but that the empire and Khazer's are going to be in conflict. Let alone the primary rival to the Papacy being isolated and weakened further.

True its likely that if the Khazer's go Jewish their going to face steadily increasing hostility from the empire but they would be better off not picking a fight when their fresh from a period of civil wars and the empire seems united. Let alone the other threat of Islam to the south regaining unity as it ends its period of division.
 

ATP

Well-known member
So the interesting events in the coming years is a Greek rebellion and Khazar invasion (probably followed by next Khazar civil war), all of which will encourage the Muslims to have another go. I reckon British longbowmen will soon be in great demand.
Bishops would not start rebellion,but they could fuck response to Khazar invasion.
Muslims would wait and attack survivors.
Much changed muslim,ruled mostly by turks and persian,not arabs.Arabs would not like it - i see another fitna.

Britions running to America would lead to sending legions there.And 1000 soldiers send there would be enough to finish them.
Unless they run west.
Pelagian priest as Quecaqoatl? well,in OTL it could be some irish priest.

And,Africans hard pressed by muslims could find sea road to Carribean now - and made pelagians run again.
 

stevep

Well-known member
Should have said earlier but possibly the best option for a Pelagian mass move [by the standards of the time] to the Americas could be to bypass the current settlement and the hostile Irish who are a serious barrier. The small numbers already settled to their west would struggle to regain access to the ocean to open a safe path and that would also give a potential warning to them and possibly the empire that such a movement might be made. Also its going to be very difficult to time those moves as the passage is probably only going to be open briefly and if the colony fleet is shortly before or after that period they are screwed.

Technically at the moment the British kingdom is a loyal part of the empire so there is no basis for banning it say sending fishing fleets to the Grand Banks area - albeit that the local Irish settlers are likely to oppose this for both religious and economic reasons. It could be possible for the would be exiles to use this for gathering information and also possibly sending a mission or two further south to look for land beyond the current settlements. Of course then there would be issues with reaching those locations without the Irish groups knowing as they simply couldn't sail directly to the Americas by a more southern route without actually going as far as say the Canaries and then west from there which I think would put them even further south.

Its all very difficult seeing a way for any refugees to escape safely to the Americas even without it being known this has happened which means the empire is likely to seek to hunt them down at some stage.
 

ATP

Well-known member
Should have said earlier but possibly the best option for a Pelagian mass move [by the standards of the time] to the Americas could be to bypass the current settlement and the hostile Irish who are a serious barrier. The small numbers already settled to their west would struggle to regain access to the ocean to open a safe path and that would also give a potential warning to them and possibly the empire that such a movement might be made. Also its going to be very difficult to time those moves as the passage is probably only going to be open briefly and if the colony fleet is shortly before or after that period they are screwed.

Technically at the moment the British kingdom is a loyal part of the empire so there is no basis for banning it say sending fishing fleets to the Grand Banks area - albeit that the local Irish settlers are likely to oppose this for both religious and economic reasons. It could be possible for the would be exiles to use this for gathering information and also possibly sending a mission or two further south to look for land beyond the current settlements. Of course then there would be issues with reaching those locations without the Irish groups knowing as they simply couldn't sail directly to the Americas by a more southern route without actually going as far as say the Canaries and then west from there which I think would put them even further south.

Its all very difficult seeing a way for any refugees to escape safely to the Americas even without it being known this has happened which means the empire is likely to seek to hunt them down at some stage.
Yes,go South to OTL Mexico/Tolteks should arleady be there/ ,Carribean,or even South America.
Which lead to africans discovering sea road to Carribean.
Only safe option - go into Andas and create pelagian Incas/even when Incas do not existed yet/
 
Saint Simon's Zealots

Circle of Willis

Well-known member
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Capital: Cartàginu – Carthage.

Religion: Ephesian Christianity.

Languages: Afríganu – African Romance – is the primary spoken language of the African kingdom from Cartàginu to Tangér[1], while Latin remains the sacred language of the Patriarchate of Carthage. The Berber languages are more widely spoken by the Moors living closer to the Saharan frontier. The Vandalic tongue is already extinct by the early eighth century, although like Gothic has done for Espanesco and Old Frankish for Francesc, it has left some influence in Afríganu in the form of loanwords and place- & personal names (especially in the east, around the Aurès Mountains, where most of the Vandals had settled and preserved their identity until the seventh century).

For the longest time, Africa has always been the safest part of the Roman world. It has never been ravaged to any significant extent by barbarian invaders (the Donatists of Hoggar having been a very persistent threat, but never one of extremely dangerous or even apocalyptic proportions like the Huns or Heshana's Turks), and not only thanks to geography – the Vandals settled in its mountainous regions have by far proven to be the least treacherous and best-behaved of all the federate subjects of the Empire, ultimately Romanizing and being absorbed entirely into the current kingdom, unlike even the nearby Visigoths who have caused more trouble than them. The Stilichians could almost always count on Africa to have their back against external and internal foes alike, and indeed they found the kingdom a safe refuge after being driven off their throne in Rome by the Aloysians half a century ago. Its Mediterranean coastline is dotted with prosperous cities populated by skilled artisans, whose most famous export remains 'red slip' pottery which is still in high demand from Nantes to Antioch, and just a ways further inland lies the 'granary of the empire' which produces the massive quantities of cereals, olive oil, wine and fruits that feeds not only its growers but people all over the Roman world.

But as of 725 AD, this safety is fast coming to an end. Africa's frontiers encompass large areas of scorching desert where nothing can grow for long, and they have come under constant threat by persistent external foes. The Donatists to the south may finally have been destroyed, but they have since been replaced in short order by the much more dangerous Muslims to the east; all the practice at raiding, counter-raiding and desert warfare they have given the Africans, the latter must now turn against the Saracen. To persevere, the Africans have turned to faith, as they did to combat the Donatist menace. Far from its Carthaginian roots as the westernmost outpost of Canaanite paganism, Africa has since become a major center of the Christian faith, and boast of both its longtime persistence (and ultimate victory) over the Donatist heresy and its newfound status as one of Christendom's primary bulwarks against Islam; yet this position has left its mark on African Christianity (though the Africans themselves would be loath to admit it), for Carthage has evolved to become the most unforgiving and militant of the Heptarchic Sees, and despite the proud Punic heritage of its people the kingdom has recently exiled the only other Semitic people in the region – the Jews – from their lands after Jewish treachery caused the temporary fall of their easternmost stronghold, Lepcés Magna. How unfortunate then that the Empire has just welcomed Pelagian Britain, whose theology stands completely at odds with that of the Africans, back into the fold.

Not for the first time, the Stilichian kings of this land find themselves caught between their duty to the Roman state and their subjects, and their ambition to (re)take the purple. They remember it was their forefather Stilicho, saint and savior of Rome, who fought in God's name on the Frigidus nearly 400 years ago; not Arbogast the pagan, whose descendants stole their crown in a moment of weakness and now insist they are the descendants of Christ's cousin. They remember that they have been betrayed in the past, usually by the Senate which the late Constantine VI hoped to restore some measure of power and dignity to, and that they have still always managed to get the last laugh. But they remember their duty too – that is why they did not betray the first Aloysius, he who tore the purple from them, and the Second Rome to an excruciating downfall at the hands of the Avars and Turks. In turn Aloysius I was genuinely grateful for their help, going well beyond not trying to extirpate them when he had the chance but even recognizing their continued authority over Africa and showering them with consular honors, despite the continued risk they posed to his own bloodline's hold on the throne. Time will tell whether their sense of duty, passed on down from their namesake, remains strong enough to compel these latter-day Stilichians to defend Rome against the new threat of the Saracen even if it means fighting under the banner of the dynasty that usurped them – or if they will at last follow their heart and try to reclaim the imperial crown for themselves.

The African kingdom stands apart from most of Rome's federate subjects (except, ironically, Britannia) in that it is ruled by Romans exerting Romanitas over barbarian populations, rather than being founded as a barbarian kingdom with a majority of Roman subjects which then gradually Romanized over time as had been the case with the likes of the Franks or Visigoths. Africa is further distinguished from Britain in that its inherited Roman institutions never really degraded over time, nor did its Romanized populace (consistently a majority, unlike the case in Britain where the Romanized Briton elite were a minority compared to the Britons in the countryside) ever become 'barbarized' to any significant extent; if anything the African Romans have been the most successful federate subject at 'Romanizing' their less civilized Berber and Vandal neighbors compared even to the Gallo-, Franco- and Hispano-Romans. Being directly ruled by the Stilichians (Latin: Stilichōnes, Afríganu: Stéléggénu), a former imperial and thoroughly Romanized dynasty of Vandal origin, must have helped, even if this remaining branch of that venerable house has the misfortune of being designated the 'Lesser' Stilichians compared to their 'Greater' purple-born forebears.

As of 725, the ruler of Africa is Yusténu ('Augustine'), its third Stilichian king after Egeréu I ('Eucherius', the man who lost the purple to the Aloysians) and Stéléggu I, a warrior of proven skill and piety who is widely celebrated by his subjects for having finally ended the Donatist threat after three hundred years of raiding, skirmishing and the occasional disastrous campaign into the forlorn mountains of Hoggar. He bears the title Doménu Reyu – Afríganu for Dominus Rex, or 'lord king'. The African kings govern in a more absolute and centralized manner than other federates, mirroring how their Stilichian ancestors ruled the empire and taking full advantage of the still-robust Roman administrative institutions active within their realm. In an acknowledgment of their imperial history and the achievements of their forefathers (including saving the life of Aloysius Gloriosus himself and the Second Rome at the cost of their own ambitions), even these so-called Lesser Stilichians have been granted the privilege of adorning their banner with the chi-rho which their 'Greater' kindred once flew above the legions and cities of the Empire. In keeping with Berber tradition (which was how they inherited the Mauro-Vandal kingdoms of Altava & Theveste and bound them together into Africa in the first place), the Stilichians also follow slightly more egalitarian succession laws than the Aloysians who have displaced them, allowing daughters to inherit their father's possessions (including the throne) if they have no living brothers or nephews.

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Yusténu I, 'Lord-King' of Africa in the early eighth century, whose martial talent and religious fervor have set a new standard for future African kings to follow. His people hail him as a champion of Christendom and the destroyer of the Donatist scourge, but of course the Jews he expelled have a far less positive opinion of him

The Stilichian dynasty itself lacks the divine pedigree claimed by most of its contemporaries, such as the Visigothic Balthings to the northwest (who still claim descent from Gaut, the ancestral god of their people, even after converting to Christianity) or indeed the Aloysians themselves (who have gone from claiming descent from Teiwaz to asserting that they are relatives of Jesus through his cousin, Saint Jude). Their progenitor Stilicho was by all accounts a man of barely-gentle birth, the son of a completely ordinary Vandal soldier and a Roman lady from Pannonia[2], and belonged to no great lineage before starting his own. The closest they have to fantastic claims of descent from divinity comes maternally from the marriage of Emperor Venantius (Afr.: Bedãddu) to the Queen-Empress Tia of Theveste (Afr.: 'Tébessa'), who as the last member of the Silingi Vandal royal family, would have counted among her ancestors the hero and star-source Aurvandil ('Shining Vandal', also associated with the morning star under the name 'Ēarendel' by the newly-incorporated Anglo-Saxons) as her long-fallen Hasding relatives also did. However the Stilichians remain unbothered by this reality, instead finding a certain pride in the fact that their founder was a 'mere' mortal who rose from almost nothing by his own merits & the sweat of his brow to play a role in Christianity's final triumph over paganism; reorder the Roman West; marry Theodosius I's niece; and with her father a line of emperors & kings who would similarly deliver the Empire from some of its darkest hours since the Crisis of the Third Century, and have declined to fabricate any claim to unearthly descent for Stilicho himself.

The populous and wealthy cities along the Mediterranean coast form the backbone of the Stilichians' power, and in turn they administer these cities through appointed governors called presedéu ('presidents', evolving from Lat. Praeses, singl. presedu) who work with similarly appointed councils of officials bearing old Roman titles such as progurador (Lat. Procurator – a financial official). It is customary for the urban governors to also be their city's bishop, although ironically despite this entrenched political influence the Patriarchate of Carthage does not actually govern Cartàginu directly. Instead the Lord-King does that himself as the metropolis' Proconsul, appointed for life (and effectively passing the position from father to son) by the Augustus Imperator, although of course the Patriarch will invariably enjoy a respectable seat at his privy council.

Things are a little different in the countryside, where the descendants of the Berbers and (to a much lesser extent) Vandals not only become more numerous the further one gets from the cities but still comprise the indigenous nobility in most places. The Stilichian kings acknowledge tribal privileges, grant estates and (Latin) honors to these provincial elites, who in turn provide much of Africa's fighting strength and officer corps as its homegrown dukes (Afr. singl. Duy, pl. Duyés), counts (Afri. singl. Gome, pl. Gomedés), barons (Afri. singl. Baro, pl. Baronés) and knights (Afri. singl. Gaballeru, pl. Gaballerés). Most African land is owned by this military aristocracy, and worked by a mix of serfs and slaves as is common in Italy or Hispania. However, especially unlike the latter and other federate kingdoms, the hierarchy that exists among the African nobility is strictly military in nature – all of its nobles are sworn to King and Emperor directly, so for example while dukes typically own the largest estates, knights are not sworn to them, do not rent estates from them and do not answer to them outside of the context of an army on campaign; certainly a knight would bring grievances against their neighbor to the courts or the king, not a duke or count or baron. This Roman-based titulature and administrative structure indicates the extent of Romanization in the rural parts of the African kingdom.

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Dimmidi, one of the southernmost settlements within recognized Roman borders, whose walls have long stood to provide refuge for the Moors living nearby through centuries of raids by the Donatists and other desert bandits

Speaking of the courts, the Patriarchate of Carthage exercises significant judicial in addition to religious & political authority. Under the Corpus Iuris Civilis the Church is authorized to try cases involving clerics and religious matters in general in its own ecclesiastical court, following in the shared legal tradition of the Western Church with Rome with the addition of some of its own canons, such as the Corpus Canonum Africano-Romanorum. Like their Roman counterparts, Carthaginian bishops will appoint one to five priests (judicial vicars) to try cases ranging from annulling marriages on grounds such as bigamy/duress/deceit, to the investigation and possible dismissal of clerics, to charges of heresy; the bishops will only involve themselves in more extreme cases, such as Donatist conspiracies that imperil entire towns. These clerical tribunals take an inquisitorial (investigative) role in their cases rather than simply acting as a referee between the prosecution and defense, as is also the case under the Roman See, although the Carthaginian clergy are noted for being less forgiving and less inclined to presume innocence on the part of the accused than their northern brethren.

The most important difference between the Carthaginian and Roman ecclesiastical courts as of the eighth century is that the former have already begun their evolution into what will later be known as the 'Western Inquisition': no organized heresy-purging body exists yet, but African bishops and their handpicked vicars are mandated to tour their dioceses at least twice a year to seek out heretics and also reinforce the people's faith with public discourse & preaching. Patriarch Sésénnéu II has also issued basic guidelines for telling actual heretics apart from simple ignorant peasants or townsfolk, as well as regulating the punishments for the former (up to and including burning at the stake for unrepentant heresiarchs). These measures, initially devised to root out Donatist infiltrators and sympathizers during the long centuries when Hoggar still cast its baleful shadow over Roman Africa (and now likely to be reapplied to Islamic spies with the Donatist threat finally suppressed), may well be exported to the Roman See as a means of ferreting out crypto-Pelagians in Britannia once the Emperors' and Popes' patience with them runs out in the centuries to come.

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A captured Donatist saboteur leaping to denounce the panel of Ephesian African clerics who have found him guilty, moments before being handed over to the secular authorities for execution

Internally, Africa is a kingdom of triple contrasts. The land is roughly geographically divided into three regions: the North African coast, the sandy Saharan frontier, and the hinterland mountain ranges of the Atlas & Aurès (as well as smaller adjacent mountains such as the Ouarsenis, Nafusa & Anti-Atlas) in between them. Of these the coast is by far the most important to the Roman world at large, encompassing all the most populous and fertile parts of Africa: in fact it was one of the two 'granaries of the empire' alongside Egypt, being the one assigned to the Western half in the centuries before Aloysius I reunited Occident and Orient, and now the only such 'granary' left under Christian rule after the loss of Egypt to the Saracens. Wheat, figs, grapes, legumes, olives, and so much more – the vast farms & plantations of the African coast produce them in abundance, supported by vast irrigation networks incorporating well-maintained dams and fugaras[3], with over a million tons of crops being harvested every year (much for consumption within Africa, but at least a quarter of which is earmarked for export to the rest of Roman Europe or foreign markets). As well it should almost go without saying that large numbers of secondary facilities exist to further refine the raw crops into consumable products such as flour (mills), wine (vintners) and olive oil (olive presses).

The coast also houses virtually all of Africa's cities of note, Cartàginu being the grandest of them all. A robust manufacturing industry exists in those cities, their most famous and prized products being fine 'red slip' pottery and lamps (usually stamped with Christian iconography, but the Punic heritage of the manufacturers can still be seen in the periodic traditional imagery as well), which can almost rival the glasswares of Trevére in value. For obvious reasons, the blistering Sahara and the inland mountains cannot hope to match the coastline in prosperity or population. The desert-dwellers are primarily nomadic herders (dealing primarily with donkeys, goats/sheep and camels) and traders, with a minority making their living as sedentary farmers around oases; there are also colonies of unfortunate slaves working in salt mines who are exceedingly unlikely to see any profit from the salt that they have extracted. The mountain-folk tend to be both herders and farmers in roughly even numbers, making their home in villages which have often been fortified to resist Donatist and Islamic raids.

The African people themselves can be roughly divided into three groups, one for each of these regions. The 'Roman Africans' (technically all Africans are 'Romans', but this is the demographic most strongly identified with Romanitas) who dominate the coastal areas and especially the cities constitute the majority of Africa's population. They represent the Romanized descendants of the old Carthaginians and their immediate Berber neighbors, hence why they will at times romantically be referred to or even refer to themselves as the 'Sons of Dido' (presumably Hannibal's name cannot be used due to how, even after all these centuries, the Romans still find the memory of the Trebia, Lake Trasimene and Cannae traumatizing), although of course their lines of descent have long ago (and often) crossed with waves of Roman colonists (mostly from Italy, secondarily from Hispania) who chose to settle in Africa. These 'Sons of Dido' are oft-perceived as being wealthier, more intellectual and less militaristic than their neighbors, being associated these days primarily with the great latifundiae and cities of their homeland in addition to the legacy of saints such as Cyprian and Augustine.

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'Sons of Dido' – dockworkers, fishermen, guards and merchants of all stripes – hard at work in the port of Cartàginu, much like their Punic ancestors

The name of 'Moor' (Lat.: Mauri, Afri.: Muru) is sometimes used to refer to all Africans in general, but within the kingdom itself it is typically used to refer strictly to the Berbers who live in the rural (or outright desert) hinterland away from the fertile and densely-populated northern shores. Many subsist as nomadic or semi-nomadic herders and caravaneers, although a minority of these indigenes have settled down to form farming settlements around oases or live in castle-towns growing out of the forts of the ancient Limes Mauretaniae like Altava, Tiaret and Dimmidi. Having formed the Empire's first line of defense against the Donatist menace, they are stereotypically perceived as fanatical, unsophisticated brutes: wild, borderline-barbaric warriors and Ephesian diehards of a much less intellectual stripe than the Church Fathers produced by Cartàginu and the other cities of Africa, prone to destroying what they cannot understand when they aren't leading rustic lives as goatherds and camel-tenders. The Moors themselves regard such stereotypes with more amusement than resentment; it's true that they have a stronger military tradition than the coastal Africans (at least since the Romans themselves burned & salted it out of the latter), and they absolutely do fancy themselves warlike vanguards of the faith, but the so-called 'Sons of Masinissa' are also expert traders – it is they who travel across the scorching Saharan sands in great caravans to engage in commerce with the 'Aethiopians' to their south, exchanging Roman wares such as cloth, pottery and metalworks for gold, ivory and other exotic goods – and by God, some of them even farm or engage in other peaceful, practical pursuits. Moorish missionaries are also the ones most involved with (actually peacefully) spreading the Gospel into and beyond the Sahara.

The Romanized descendants of the Vandals (and to a much lesser & oft-overlooked extent, also some Alans and Suebi) who have intermixed with local Berber tribes, such as the Jarawa and Shawia, constitute the third recognized demographic among the Africans, dominating the kingdom's eastern frontier and forming the front line of Christendom in the south against the tides of Islam. They lead a generally more sedentary existence than the Moors, dwelling in or around fortified towns and villages (particularly in the Auresian and Nafusan highlands, which are now often referred to as 'Vandalia' on Roman maps of Africa), though they do have some larger cities to their name such as Lepcés Magna and Tébessa. These so-called 'Sons of Stilicho' are associated with an appearance more alike to that of Northern Europeans – fair hair and skin as well as blue or green eyes, all of which contrast with the visage of Roman Africans and even more-so with the still darker-haired and darker-skinned Moors – which indeed do appear more frequently among their ranks owing to their not-insignificant Vandal heritage (though obviously, not every one of them can look like long-lost relatives of the Aloysian Emperors). Further, their reputation is that of being both more martial than the coastal Africans and more noble (or at least less ill-tempered and inclined to violence, sectarian and otherwise) than the Moors, as well as possessing a fierce pride in their ancestors – most faithful of the Teutonic federates – and their namesake, who they hail as the greatest Vandal to have ever lived and progenitor of the dynasty that delivered Rome from various crises across the tumultuous fifth to seventh centuries.

The triune Africans are united not just by a common Roman identity, but also by faith and language which undergirds said identity. African Christianity tends toward the austere, the solemn and the militant; contributing to the collective reputation of Africans in general as a stern people who pray more frequently than most throughout their days, celebrate their feasts and other religious services with a certain grimness, and are most eager to proselytize either with fire-and-brimstone sermons or, more bluntly, with the sword. This is not entirely fair – of course there exist Africans who are friendly or possess a sense of humor – but as with all stereotypes, there does exist some truth at the core of this reputation. In any case such developments were likely inevitable given the African Church's three hundred years of friction with Donatism, and indeed the fact that Africa was the only part of the Western Roman Empire to directly border a heretical kingdom of any significance (at least Gaul was separated from Britannia by the sea).

Even Africa's patron saint, the eleventh Apostle Simon (Afr.: 'Santu Sémon'), has taken on a more militaristic character in the eyes of his devotees as the 'Slayer of Scorpions' – a new legend is spreading from the battlefields of Gergis and Abalessa, proclaiming that the saint did miraculously manifest at the former to save the life of Aloysius II from Islamic assassins and rally the Roman army, and that after the Christian victory over the Saracen there he rode all the way to Abalessa to tear open the Donatists' gates for the other major Ephesian army in Africa at the time[4], both enemies associated with the imagery of scorpions by African artists & chroniclers. Perhaps it is only fitting that the Patriarchate and attendant federate kingdom with the strongest reputation for Christian militancy out of the Heptarchy & all of Rome's vassals should be represented by the Apostle nicknamed 'the Zealot'. It must be one of several cosmic ironies that although the present African Church is famed for its fervor, Saint Augustine of Hippo (Afr.: Éponu) – its dominant intellectual influence – was originally a Manichaean and later Neoplatonist, while their kings' progenitor Stilicho was quite tolerant while still obviously being a Christian himself: he had considerable respect for pagan intellectuals, allowed for the restoration of the Statue (though not the Altar) of Victory to the Curia Julia in 403, and maintained lifelong friendships with pagan Senators such as Quintus Aurelius Symmachus.

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Two 'Sons of Masinissa': missionaries symbolically bearing the banners of Christ the King through the Saharan sands, riding forth to enlighten yet more 'Blackamoors' who have yet to hear the Good News

African hamartiology and soteriology (respectively the theological study of sins & salvation) also tend to be the most unforgiving among the Heptarchy, an exceedingly ironic mark left by the conflict with Donatism – though at least African Ephesians still believe (in line with broader Ephesian orthodoxy) that forgiveness is an actual possibility for all sins, unlike their rivals. Even more ironically, that the Africans still believe in the possibility of redemption for all was a major source of their dislike for Jews even before expelling the latter: in the Africans' reckoning God used Rome as His instrument of punishment upon Carthage for sacrificing their own children to Moloch, as He similarly wielded Rome against the Jewish nation for arranging Christ's execution and would have used the barbarians against the Romans in turn for being the ones to actually kill Jesus (had it not been for their timely conversion over the fourth century, for which He blessed them with the stewardship of the Stilichians instead). Both Carthage and Rome eventually accepted these punishments as just, repented of their sins and were redeemed & reborn in the embrace of the Messiah to the point of becoming two of the Heptarchic Sees; but in refusing to convert to Christianity the Jews have (as far as the Africans can see) spurned repentance and closed off their own avenue to redemption, which the Africans found baffling and increasingly maddening – after all even the Prodigal Son and Saint Dismas, the Good Thief who was crucified to Christ's right, had to acknowledge their own fault in walking the road to their ruin and repent to be forgiven.

Theological matters aside, the See of Saint Simon not only forms the spiritual foundation for longstanding African resistance against first the Donatists of Hoggar and now Islam, but also spearheads the southward expansion of Christianity. Kumbi was a good start, and the time and resources expended on spreading the Gospel to that kingdom paid dividends not only spiritually but also materially in providing an important ally for the final wars against Hoggar. Now with Hoggar finally out of the way, African missionaries are able to safely accompany trading caravans on their long voyages south across the Sahara not only to Kumbi, but even further beyond toward the Bambuddu (Lat.: Bambotus)[5] and to the vast savanna & jungles which lay beyond the Sahara – uncharted lands populated by more 'Aethiopians' completely unfamiliar to the Roman world, a most exciting prospect. Nor do the Africans plan to spread the faith exclusively overland: they have not lost knowledge of Pliny's Fortunatae Insulae or 'Fortunate Isles'[6], which they know to be inhabited by kindred of the Moors, and the Stilichians' interest in converting those Berber natives and incorporating the islands into their kingdom will only grow with time.

As for language, African Romance or Afríganu has by this point wholly absorbed the remnants of Punic and Vandalic in the north and east, and also represents the linguistic bridge through which the Moors can communicate with other Africans. Out of all the burgeoning Romance languages it is most alike to the speech of the Sardinians, itself not far removed from Late Latin, but with much more pronounced p/v->b, c->g and t->d sound changes (among others) than Sardinian or other Romance neighbors such as Espanesco and Italiano. For a comparison, the Latin term victor ('conqueror', or indeed just…'victor') has transformed, or perhaps degenerated in the eyes of a Latin purist, into vittore (or 'Vittorio') in the latter language; but in Afríganu it is rendered instead as béddor (the same instance, capitalized, being a masculine African name as well). Another distinctive feature of Afríganu, one that it shares with Sardinian but has similarly amplified to a greater degree, is the introduction of the initial 'ar-' for words and names that begin with an r (ex. Translating Romanus, both as a personal name and a generic term meaning 'Roman', as Arromanu).

The Carthaginians, Berbers and Vandals have all left distinctive marks on Afríganu, mostly in the way of personal names and loanwords, to varying extents with the Punic/Carthaginian substratum having made the largest contributions and late-arriving Vandalic having made the least. Afríganu names with Semitic roots originate from the large cities dominated by the Sons of Dido: the four Archangels recognized by the Ephesians (Méggel, Yabrél, Arraél and Urél – corresponding respectively to the Hebrew Michael, Gabriel, Raphael and Uriel) are naturally among the most popular of this bunch for the baptism of infants, and they can universally be found across the African realm. Specific to Cartàginu and other major coastal cities one can also find people bearing names referencing ancient Phoenician deities or heroes such as Addemeryar ('Abd-Melqart'), Anébal ('Hannibal') and Léssa ('Elissa', an alternative name for Dido herself). Among the Sons of Masinissa names of a Berber origin, such as Ãdala ('Antalas'), Gudzéna ('Cutzinas') and Tia ('Thiyya') can be found in greater frequency than elsewhere; and the Sons of Stilicho are naturally more likely to bestow originally-Germanic names such as Bãdalaréu ('Vandalarius'), Brunérra ('Brunhilda') and indeed Stéléggu ('Stilicho') on their own children than the others. Of course these all supplement the Greek/Latin-descended fare such as Déogredzéanu ('Diocletian'), Néyola ('Nicholas') and Aggeléya ('Angelica') standard to the Romance languages, which remain more common than any of the above and can be found just about wherever Roman civilization has been established in Africa.

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A pair of 'Sons of Stilicho' standing guard on the Libyan frontier, vigilant even in times of peace here on Christendom's front lines

The Africans maintain their own distinct military tradition, combining their inheritance of the Numidian Berbers' lightly-equipped and highly mobile forces with the heavier edge introduced by the Romans (and long before them, by the Carthaginians as well), with an eye on combating threats posed by the Donatists and Muslims in the scorching African sun. Organizationally the Stilichian kings have formed their troops up along the Roman model: theirs is a professional army, comprised of volunteers and duty-bound landowners rather than mobs of mobilized serfs, structured into vexillations led by dukes which are further divided into legions led by counts and cohorts led by barons (rather than primarchs/centurions and biarchs, as is the case with the Aloysian legions).

The soldiers are recruited and trained locally, equipped with weapons and armor either ordered from the fabricae of Cartàginu (where however such orders are always a lower priority than the demands of the imperial legions proper) or local African weaponsmiths, and financed partially by the Patriarchate of Carthage – the See of Saint Simon makes contributions for the arming & provisioning of African troops more regularly than the Papacy does for the northern legions, in keeping with its more fervently militant character, and does not need the excuse of an emergency or the waging of a great holy war to open their coffers to the army because given their geography & selection of nearby enemies, every war the Africans are likely to get into is a holy war waged against heathens of some sort by default.

Far from passively sitting in castles and fortified towns and ceding all strategic initiative to their enemies, the nobility of Africa take advantage of their soldiers' mobility to engage in retaliatory raids against first the Donatists, and now the Saracens all the time, and their mutual hostility is fast turning much of Libya into a no man's land[7]. After all, Islamic ghazw do not require a formal state of war to exist to raid Christian Africa for plunder & slaves, and when they aren't actively campaigning alongside the imperial army the Africans as a whole are happy to answer in the only language they understand: eye for eye, tooth for tooth, and blood for blood. When on campaign alongside the legions of Rome, African forces can usually be found in an auxiliary role, compensating for the primary weakness in the Aloysian military – a lack of light troops – by placing their abundance of agile skirmishers and horsemen, with years of experience at both waging and defending against raids, at the Emperor's disposal.

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An African knight leading his men into combat against a Muslim raiding party who have dared to trespass upon his estate

The African chivalry fights primarily as heavy cavalry, not too different from their counterparts in Europe and the paladins of the Aloysian army. Along the usual mail armor and subarmalis they prefer more antiquated ridge helmets and older spangenhelm designs over the ones favored by Northern Romans, and to deal with the African heat it is not uncommon for these heavy warriors to don hats, turbans (not unlike the Greek phakeolis) and cloaks (the ancient byrus Numidicus or coarse hooded cloak traditionally worn by Berber men) so as to keep the Sun's searing rays off of themselves (and almost as bad, their metal armor). They primarily differ from the legions of the north in having an unusually high proportion of horse-archers in their ranks for a Roman fighting force: young African gentlemen who have reached fighting age are expected to accompany their fathers and older brothers into battles & raids, armed with bows with which they've been practicing since they were children, and to play a supporting role in combat similar to the caballarii pueri of the legions – screening for their elders, skirmishing with the enemy at a distance, and turning back to charge with swords, axes & maces drawn to back up the older knights & nobles once the latter have gone in with their lances.

Lesser soldiers of the African army largely eschew mail or scale hauberks in favor of wearing the subarmalis, or padded jacket normally worn under such heavy gear by the legions & nobles, as their primary armor. Typically constructed of layers of leather or quilted linen, the African version of these early gambesons are made to be thicker than those in the north and thus better able to withstand blows and arrows: the Roman standard is either up to a dozen glued together or fewer layers with wool packed between them, but in Africa sixteen to twenty layers is not uncommon. Though it may not make for soldiers as visually imposing as the glittering legions of Rome and outside observers can question whether such padded clothing is actually all that protective, this cloth armor serves well enough against the enemies they are most likely to fight: Muslim raiders and warriors have found Africans equipped with the heavy subarmalis are still capable of fighting even after being shot with enough arrows to resemble walking pincushions.

Common African troops are armed with skirmishing/missile weapons to a much greater degree than the soldiers of Europe. In addition to the plumbata war-darts adopted from the legions, javelins are extremely common, as are bows, crossbows and even slings (doubtless picked up from the nearby Baleares which contributed regiments of masterful slingers to Hannibal's army in ages past, and still useful against mobile Muslim foes). This serves their agile fighting style well – the Africans are more inclined to engage their opponents in an extended exchange of missiles before closing in for the melee than most Romans. The Africans also rely greatly on having a large number of hardy steeds at hand for the purpose of mobility, with even their infantry preferring to ride horses to the battlefield before dismounting to fight: all the better to not only more effectively counter Islamic raids, but also launch their own raids into Muslim territory and then get away back into African lands with their booty.

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African soldiers launching a reprisal raid into Islamic Cyrenaica. The lead legionary in particular can be seen wearing a thickened subarmalis without an additional metal lorica over it, a style unique to African fighters

Horses are not the only beast Africans ride into combat. The camel, introduced to Africa in the fourth century, has not only served African traders & herders well in peacetime but also become a remarkably important and unique element to the African military that further distinguishes its soldiers from those of the rest of the Empire. The dromedarii were in the past an auxiliary unit of camel-riders organized in the Roman Middle East from Trajan's time; now they have made their grand return, not only in the ranks of the Ghassanid and Kalb federates, but also in those of Stilichian Africa. The camel's tolerance for heat, sparse vegetation and rugged desert or savanna terrain make it an ideal mount (or even just a means of transporting supplies & soldiers) in North Africa and across the Sahara, and its meat and milk have found their way into the African diet; camels are usually only butchered for meat when absolutely necessary to stave off starvation, said meat's typical coarseness being disagreeable to the Roman palate, but the milk is invaluable as a drink and the Stilichians know from their Moorish subjects that a man can survive on it for an entire month. Africa's specialized cohorts of camelry are trained to fight with bows and lances, not dissimilar to most other sorts of African cavalry, but the fear a camel's scent puts into horses has given them a niche role as anti-cavalry cavalry, always useful when fighting the horsemen of the Islamic armies. Unfortunately the North African elephant of Hannibal's day had already been hunted to extinction by no later than the introduction of the camel, else the Stilichians would gladly have fielded a war-elephant corps as well.

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Model of an African camel-rider armed with a bow and spear. Even in combat, it is not uncommon for such soldiers to wear turbans or sun-hats over their helmets to keep the heat just a little bit further away

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[1] Tangier.

[2] At least some of the Vandals were known to have settled in Pannonia and become foederati under Constantine I in 330. Considering that Stilicho himself was born just under 30 years after that date, his father likely belonged to this group, and not the Vandals who still lived beyond Roman borders (eventually crossing said borders at the Rhine in 406) instead.

[3] Afríganu term for qanats, comparable to modern Algerian foggara/fughara.

[4] Taking the place of the Spanish legend of Santiago Matamoros (Saint James the Greater as the 'Moor-Slayer' who won the Battle of Clavijo for the Christian Spaniards), since the Muslims haven't broken through to Spain ITL.

[5] The Senegal River.

[6] The Canary Islands.

[7] Comparable to the Desert of the Duero in the early stages of the Reconquista, but with more literal deserts.
 

ATP

Well-known member
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Capital: Cartàginu – Carthage.

Religion: Ephesian Christianity.

Languages: Afríganu – African Romance – is the primary spoken language of the African kingdom from Cartàginu to Tangér[1], while Latin remains the sacred language of the Patriarchate of Carthage. The Berber languages are more widely spoken by the Moors living closer to the Saharan frontier. The Vandalic tongue is already extinct by the early eighth century, although like Gothic has done for Espanesco and Old Frankish for Francesc, it has left some influence in Afríganu in the form of loanwords and place- & personal names (especially in the east, around the Aurès Mountains, where most of the Vandals had settled and preserved their identity until the seventh century).

For the longest time, Africa has always been the safest part of the Roman world. It has never been ravaged to any significant extent by barbarian invaders (the Donatists of Hoggar having been a very persistent threat, but never one of extremely dangerous or even apocalyptic proportions like the Huns or Heshana's Turks), and not only thanks to geography – the Vandals settled in its mountainous regions have by far proven to be the least treacherous and best-behaved of all the federate subjects of the Empire, ultimately Romanizing and being absorbed entirely into the current kingdom, unlike even the nearby Visigoths who have caused more trouble than them. The Stilichians could almost always count on Africa to have their back against external and internal foes alike, and indeed they found the kingdom a safe refuge after being driven off their throne in Rome by the Aloysians half a century ago. Its Mediterranean coastline is dotted with prosperous cities populated by skilled artisans, whose most famous export remains 'red slip' pottery which is still in high demand from Nantes to Antioch, and just a ways further inland lies the 'granary of the empire' which produces the massive quantities of cereals, olive oil, wine and fruits that feeds not only its growers but people all over the Roman world.

But as of 725 AD, this safety is fast coming to an end. Africa's frontiers encompass large areas of scorching desert where nothing can grow for long, and they have come under constant threat by persistent external foes. The Donatists to the south may finally have been destroyed, but they have since been replaced in short order by the much more dangerous Muslims to the east; all the practice at raiding, counter-raiding and desert warfare they have given the Africans, the latter must now turn against the Saracen. To persevere, the Africans have turned to faith, as they did to combat the Donatist menace. Far from its Carthaginian roots as the westernmost outpost of Canaanite paganism, Africa has since become a major center of the Christian faith, and boast of both its longtime persistence (and ultimate victory) over the Donatist heresy and its newfound status as one of Christendom's primary bulwarks against Islam; yet this position has left its mark on African Christianity (though the Africans themselves would be loath to admit it), for Carthage has evolved to become the most unforgiving and militant of the Heptarchic Sees, and despite the proud Punic heritage of its people the kingdom has recently exiled the only other Semitic people in the region – the Jews – from their lands after Jewish treachery caused the temporary fall of their easternmost stronghold, Lepcés Magna. How unfortunate then that the Empire has just welcomed Pelagian Britain, whose theology stands completely at odds with that of the Africans, back into the fold.

Not for the first time, the Stilichian kings of this land find themselves caught between their duty to the Roman state and their subjects, and their ambition to (re)take the purple. They remember it was their forefather Stilicho, saint and savior of Rome, who fought in God's name on the Frigidus nearly 400 years ago; not Arbogast the pagan, whose descendants stole their crown in a moment of weakness and now insist they are the descendants of Christ's cousin. They remember that they have been betrayed in the past, usually by the Senate which the late Constantine VI hoped to restore some measure of power and dignity to, and that they have still always managed to get the last laugh. But they remember their duty too – that is why they did not betray the first Aloysius, he who tore the purple from them, and the Second Rome to an excruciating downfall at the hands of the Avars and Turks. In turn Aloysius I was genuinely grateful for their help, going well beyond not trying to extirpate them when he had the chance but even recognizing their continued authority over Africa and showering them with consular honors, despite the continued risk they posed to his own bloodline's hold on the throne. Time will tell whether their sense of duty, passed on down from their namesake, remains strong enough to compel these latter-day Stilichians to defend Rome against the new threat of the Saracen even if it means fighting under the banner of the dynasty that usurped them – or if they will at last follow their heart and try to reclaim the imperial crown for themselves.

The African kingdom stands apart from most of Rome's federate subjects (except, ironically, Britannia) in that it is ruled by Romans exerting Romanitas over barbarian populations, rather than being founded as a barbarian kingdom with a majority of Roman subjects which then gradually Romanized over time as had been the case with the likes of the Franks or Visigoths. Africa is further distinguished from Britain in that its inherited Roman institutions never really degraded over time, nor did its Romanized populace (consistently a majority, unlike the case in Britain where the Romanized Briton elite were a minority compared to the Britons in the countryside) ever become 'barbarized' to any significant extent; if anything the African Romans have been the most successful federate subject at 'Romanizing' their less civilized Berber and Vandal neighbors compared even to the Gallo-, Franco- and Hispano-Romans. Being directly ruled by the Stilichians (Latin: Stilichōnes, Afríganu: Stéléggénu), a former imperial and thoroughly Romanized dynasty of Vandal origin, must have helped, even if this remaining branch of that venerable house has the misfortune of being designated the 'Lesser' Stilichians compared to their 'Greater' purple-born forebears.

As of 725, the ruler of Africa is Yusténu ('Augustine'), its third Stilichian king after Egeréu I ('Eucherius', the man who lost the purple to the Aloysians) and Stéléggu I, a warrior of proven skill and piety who is widely celebrated by his subjects for having finally ended the Donatist threat after three hundred years of raiding, skirmishing and the occasional disastrous campaign into the forlorn mountains of Hoggar. He bears the title Doménu Reyu – Afríganu for Dominus Rex, or 'lord king'. The African kings govern in a more absolute and centralized manner than other federates, mirroring how their Stilichian ancestors ruled the empire and taking full advantage of the still-robust Roman administrative institutions active within their realm. In an acknowledgment of their imperial history and the achievements of their forefathers (including saving the life of Aloysius Gloriosus himself and the Second Rome at the cost of their own ambitions), even these so-called Lesser Stilichians have been granted the privilege of adorning their banner with the chi-rho which their 'Greater' kindred once flew above the legions and cities of the Empire. In keeping with Berber tradition (which was how they inherited the Mauro-Vandal kingdoms of Altava & Theveste and bound them together into Africa in the first place), the Stilichians also follow slightly more egalitarian succession laws than the Aloysians who have displaced them, allowing daughters to inherit their father's possessions (including the throne) if they have no living brothers or nephews.

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Yusténu I, 'Lord-King' of Africa in the early eighth century, whose martial talent and religious fervor have set a new standard for future African kings to follow. His people hail him as a champion of Christendom and the destroyer of the Donatist scourge, but of course the Jews he expelled have a far less positive opinion of him

The Stilichian dynasty itself lacks the divine pedigree claimed by most of its contemporaries, such as the Visigothic Balthings to the northwest (who still claim descent from Gaut, the ancestral god of their people, even after converting to Christianity) or indeed the Aloysians themselves (who have gone from claiming descent from Teiwaz to asserting that they are relatives of Jesus through his cousin, Saint Jude). Their progenitor Stilicho was by all accounts a man of barely-gentle birth, the son of a completely ordinary Vandal soldier and a Roman lady from Pannonia[2], and belonged to no great lineage before starting his own. The closest they have to fantastic claims of descent from divinity comes maternally from the marriage of Emperor Venantius (Afr.: Bedãddu) to the Queen-Empress Tia of Theveste (Afr.: 'Tébessa'), who as the last member of the Silingi Vandal royal family, would have counted among her ancestors the hero and star-source Aurvandil ('Shining Vandal', also associated with the morning star under the name 'Ēarendel' by the newly-incorporated Anglo-Saxons) as her long-fallen Hasding relatives also did. However the Stilichians remain unbothered by this reality, instead finding a certain pride in the fact that their founder was a 'mere' mortal who rose from almost nothing by his own merits & the sweat of his brow to play a role in Christianity's final triumph over paganism; reorder the Roman West; marry Theodosius I's niece; and with her father a line of emperors & kings who would similarly deliver the Empire from some of its darkest hours since the Crisis of the Third Century, and have declined to fabricate any claim to unearthly descent for Stilicho himself.

The populous and wealthy cities along the Mediterranean coast form the backbone of the Stilichians' power, and in turn they administer these cities through appointed governors called presedéu ('presidents', evolving from Lat. Praeses, singl. presedu) who work with similarly appointed councils of officials bearing old Roman titles such as progurador (Lat. Procurator – a financial official). It is customary for the urban governors to also be their city's bishop, although ironically despite this entrenched political influence the Patriarchate of Carthage does not actually govern Cartàginu directly. Instead the Lord-King does that himself as the metropolis' Proconsul, appointed for life (and effectively passing the position from father to son) by the Augustus Imperator, although of course the Patriarch will invariably enjoy a respectable seat at his privy council.

Things are a little different in the countryside, where the descendants of the Berbers and (to a much lesser extent) Vandals not only become more numerous the further one gets from the cities but still comprise the indigenous nobility in most places. The Stilichian kings acknowledge tribal privileges, grant estates and (Latin) honors to these provincial elites, who in turn provide much of Africa's fighting strength and officer corps as its homegrown dukes (Afr. singl. Duy, pl. Duyés), counts (Afri. singl. Gome, pl. Gomedés), barons (Afri. singl. Baro, pl. Baronés) and knights (Afri. singl. Gaballeru, pl. Gaballerés). Most African land is owned by this military aristocracy, and worked by a mix of serfs and slaves as is common in Italy or Hispania. However, especially unlike the latter and other federate kingdoms, the hierarchy that exists among the African nobility is strictly military in nature – all of its nobles are sworn to King and Emperor directly, so for example while dukes typically own the largest estates, knights are not sworn to them, do not rent estates from them and do not answer to them outside of the context of an army on campaign; certainly a knight would bring grievances against their neighbor to the courts or the king, not a duke or count or baron. This Roman-based titulature and administrative structure indicates the extent of Romanization in the rural parts of the African kingdom.

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Dimmidi, one of the southernmost settlements within recognized Roman borders, whose walls have long stood to provide refuge for the Moors living nearby through centuries of raids by the Donatists and other desert bandits

Speaking of the courts, the Patriarchate of Carthage exercises significant judicial in addition to religious & political authority. Under the Corpus Iuris Civilis the Church is authorized to try cases involving clerics and religious matters in general in its own ecclesiastical court, following in the shared legal tradition of the Western Church with Rome with the addition of some of its own canons, such as the Corpus Canonum Africano-Romanorum. Like their Roman counterparts, Carthaginian bishops will appoint one to five priests (judicial vicars) to try cases ranging from annulling marriages on grounds such as bigamy/duress/deceit, to the investigation and possible dismissal of clerics, to charges of heresy; the bishops will only involve themselves in more extreme cases, such as Donatist conspiracies that imperil entire towns. These clerical tribunals take an inquisitorial (investigative) role in their cases rather than simply acting as a referee between the prosecution and defense, as is also the case under the Roman See, although the Carthaginian clergy are noted for being less forgiving and less inclined to presume innocence on the part of the accused than their northern brethren.

The most important difference between the Carthaginian and Roman ecclesiastical courts as of the eighth century is that the former have already begun their evolution into what will later be known as the 'Western Inquisition': no organized heresy-purging body exists yet, but African bishops and their handpicked vicars are mandated to tour their dioceses at least twice a year to seek out heretics and also reinforce the people's faith with public discourse & preaching. Patriarch Sésénnéu II has also issued basic guidelines for telling actual heretics apart from simple ignorant peasants or townsfolk, as well as regulating the punishments for the former (up to and including burning at the stake for unrepentant heresiarchs). These measures, initially devised to root out Donatist infiltrators and sympathizers during the long centuries when Hoggar still cast its baleful shadow over Roman Africa (and now likely to be reapplied to Islamic spies with the Donatist threat finally suppressed), may well be exported to the Roman See as a means of ferreting out crypto-Pelagians in Britannia once the Emperors' and Popes' patience with them runs out in the centuries to come.

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A captured Donatist saboteur leaping to denounce the panel of Ephesian African clerics who have found him guilty, moments before being handed over to the secular authorities for execution

Internally, Africa is a kingdom of triple contrasts. The land is roughly geographically divided into three regions: the North African coast, the sandy Saharan frontier, and the hinterland mountain ranges of the Atlas & Aurès (as well as smaller adjacent mountains such as the Ouarsenis, Nafusa & Anti-Atlas) in between them. Of these the coast is by far the most important to the Roman world at large, encompassing all the most populous and fertile parts of Africa: in fact it was one of the two 'granaries of the empire' alongside Egypt, being the one assigned to the Western half in the centuries before Aloysius I reunited Occident and Orient, and now the only such 'granary' left under Christian rule after the loss of Egypt to the Saracens. Wheat, figs, grapes, legumes, olives, and so much more – the vast farms & plantations of the African coast produce them in abundance, supported by vast irrigation networks incorporating well-maintained dams and fugaras[3], with over a million tons of crops being harvested every year (much for consumption within Africa, but at least a quarter of which is earmarked for export to the rest of Roman Europe or foreign markets). As well it should almost go without saying that large numbers of secondary facilities exist to further refine the raw crops into consumable products such as flour (mills), wine (vintners) and olive oil (olive presses).

The coast also houses virtually all of Africa's cities of note, Cartàginu being the grandest of them all. A robust manufacturing industry exists in those cities, their most famous and prized products being fine 'red slip' pottery and lamps (usually stamped with Christian iconography, but the Punic heritage of the manufacturers can still be seen in the periodic traditional imagery as well), which can almost rival the glasswares of Trevére in value. For obvious reasons, the blistering Sahara and the inland mountains cannot hope to match the coastline in prosperity or population. The desert-dwellers are primarily nomadic herders (dealing primarily with donkeys, goats/sheep and camels) and traders, with a minority making their living as sedentary farmers around oases; there are also colonies of unfortunate slaves working in salt mines who are exceedingly unlikely to see any profit from the salt that they have extracted. The mountain-folk tend to be both herders and farmers in roughly even numbers, making their home in villages which have often been fortified to resist Donatist and Islamic raids.

The African people themselves can be roughly divided into three groups, one for each of these regions. The 'Roman Africans' (technically all Africans are 'Romans', but this is the demographic most strongly identified with Romanitas) who dominate the coastal areas and especially the cities constitute the majority of Africa's population. They represent the Romanized descendants of the old Carthaginians and their immediate Berber neighbors, hence why they will at times romantically be referred to or even refer to themselves as the 'Sons of Dido' (presumably Hannibal's name cannot be used due to how, even after all these centuries, the Romans still find the memory of the Trebia, Lake Trasimene and Cannae traumatizing), although of course their lines of descent have long ago (and often) crossed with waves of Roman colonists (mostly from Italy, secondarily from Hispania) who chose to settle in Africa. These 'Sons of Dido' are oft-perceived as being wealthier, more intellectual and less militaristic than their neighbors, being associated these days primarily with the great latifundiae and cities of their homeland in addition to the legacy of saints such as Cyprian and Augustine.

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'Sons of Dido' – dockworkers, fishermen, guards and merchants of all stripes – hard at work in the port of Cartàginu, much like their Punic ancestors

The name of 'Moor' (Lat.: Mauri, Afri.: Muru) is sometimes used to refer to all Africans in general, but within the kingdom itself it is typically used to refer strictly to the Berbers who live in the rural (or outright desert) hinterland away from the fertile and densely-populated northern shores. Many subsist as nomadic or semi-nomadic herders and caravaneers, although a minority of these indigenes have settled down to form farming settlements around oases or live in castle-towns growing out of the forts of the ancient Limes Mauretaniae like Altava, Tiaret and Dimmidi. Having formed the Empire's first line of defense against the Donatist menace, they are stereotypically perceived as fanatical, unsophisticated brutes: wild, borderline-barbaric warriors and Ephesian diehards of a much less intellectual stripe than the Church Fathers produced by Cartàginu and the other cities of Africa, prone to destroying what they cannot understand when they aren't leading rustic lives as goatherds and camel-tenders. The Moors themselves regard such stereotypes with more amusement than resentment; it's true that they have a stronger military tradition than the coastal Africans (at least since the Romans themselves burned & salted it out of the latter), and they absolutely do fancy themselves warlike vanguards of the faith, but the so-called 'Sons of Masinissa' are also expert traders – it is they who travel across the scorching Saharan sands in great caravans to engage in commerce with the 'Aethiopians' to their south, exchanging Roman wares such as cloth, pottery and metalworks for gold, ivory and other exotic goods – and by God, some of them even farm or engage in other peaceful, practical pursuits. Moorish missionaries are also the ones most involved with (actually peacefully) spreading the Gospel into and beyond the Sahara.

The Romanized descendants of the Vandals (and to a much lesser & oft-overlooked extent, also some Alans and Suebi) who have intermixed with local Berber tribes, such as the Jarawa and Shawia, constitute the third recognized demographic among the Africans, dominating the kingdom's eastern frontier and forming the front line of Christendom in the south against the tides of Islam. They lead a generally more sedentary existence than the Moors, dwelling in or around fortified towns and villages (particularly in the Auresian and Nafusan highlands, which are now often referred to as 'Vandalia' on Roman maps of Africa), though they do have some larger cities to their name such as Lepcés Magna and Tébessa. These so-called 'Sons of Stilicho' are associated with an appearance more alike to that of Northern Europeans – fair hair and skin as well as blue or green eyes, all of which contrast with the visage of Roman Africans and even more-so with the still darker-haired and darker-skinned Moors – which indeed do appear more frequently among their ranks owing to their not-insignificant Vandal heritage (though obviously, not every one of them can look like long-lost relatives of the Aloysian Emperors). Further, their reputation is that of being both more martial than the coastal Africans and more noble (or at least less ill-tempered and inclined to violence, sectarian and otherwise) than the Moors, as well as possessing a fierce pride in their ancestors – most faithful of the Teutonic federates – and their namesake, who they hail as the greatest Vandal to have ever lived and progenitor of the dynasty that delivered Rome from various crises across the tumultuous fifth to seventh centuries.

The triune Africans are united not just by a common Roman identity, but also by faith and language which undergirds said identity. African Christianity tends toward the austere, the solemn and the militant; contributing to the collective reputation of Africans in general as a stern people who pray more frequently than most throughout their days, celebrate their feasts and other religious services with a certain grimness, and are most eager to proselytize either with fire-and-brimstone sermons or, more bluntly, with the sword. This is not entirely fair – of course there exist Africans who are friendly or possess a sense of humor – but as with all stereotypes, there does exist some truth at the core of this reputation. In any case such developments were likely inevitable given the African Church's three hundred years of friction with Donatism, and indeed the fact that Africa was the only part of the Western Roman Empire to directly border a heretical kingdom of any significance (at least Gaul was separated from Britannia by the sea).

Even Africa's patron saint, the eleventh Apostle Simon (Afr.: 'Santu Sémon'), has taken on a more militaristic character in the eyes of his devotees as the 'Slayer of Scorpions' – a new legend is spreading from the battlefields of Gergis and Abalessa, proclaiming that the saint did miraculously manifest at the former to save the life of Aloysius II from Islamic assassins and rally the Roman army, and that after the Christian victory over the Saracen there he rode all the way to Abalessa to tear open the Donatists' gates for the other major Ephesian army in Africa at the time[4], both enemies associated with the imagery of scorpions by African artists & chroniclers. Perhaps it is only fitting that the Patriarchate and attendant federate kingdom with the strongest reputation for Christian militancy out of the Heptarchy & all of Rome's vassals should be represented by the Apostle nicknamed 'the Zealot'. It must be one of several cosmic ironies that although the present African Church is famed for its fervor, Saint Augustine of Hippo (Afr.: Éponu) – its dominant intellectual influence – was originally a Manichaean and later Neoplatonist, while their kings' progenitor Stilicho was quite tolerant while still obviously being a Christian himself: he had considerable respect for pagan intellectuals, allowed for the restoration of the Statue (though not the Altar) of Victory to the Curia Julia in 403, and maintained lifelong friendships with pagan Senators such as Quintus Aurelius Symmachus.

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Two 'Sons of Masinissa': missionaries symbolically bearing the banners of Christ the King through the Saharan sands, riding forth to enlighten yet more 'Blackamoors' who have yet to hear the Good News

African hamartiology and soteriology (respectively the theological study of sins & salvation) also tend to be the most unforgiving among the Heptarchy, an exceedingly ironic mark left by the conflict with Donatism – though at least African Ephesians still believe (in line with broader Ephesian orthodoxy) that forgiveness is an actual possibility for all sins, unlike their rivals. Even more ironically, that the Africans still believe in the possibility of redemption for all was a major source of their dislike for Jews even before expelling the latter: in the Africans' reckoning God used Rome as His instrument of punishment upon Carthage for sacrificing their own children to Moloch, as He similarly wielded Rome against the Jewish nation for arranging Christ's execution and would have used the barbarians against the Romans in turn for being the ones to actually kill Jesus (had it not been for their timely conversion over the fourth century, for which He blessed them with the stewardship of the Stilichians instead). Both Carthage and Rome eventually accepted these punishments as just, repented of their sins and were redeemed & reborn in the embrace of the Messiah to the point of becoming two of the Heptarchic Sees; but in refusing to convert to Christianity the Jews have (as far as the Africans can see) spurned repentance and closed off their own avenue to redemption, which the Africans found baffling and increasingly maddening – after all even the Prodigal Son and Saint Dismas, the Good Thief who was crucified to Christ's right, had to acknowledge their own fault in walking the road to their ruin and repent to be forgiven.

Theological matters aside, the See of Saint Simon not only forms the spiritual foundation for longstanding African resistance against first the Donatists of Hoggar and now Islam, but also spearheads the southward expansion of Christianity. Kumbi was a good start, and the time and resources expended on spreading the Gospel to that kingdom paid dividends not only spiritually but also materially in providing an important ally for the final wars against Hoggar. Now with Hoggar finally out of the way, African missionaries are able to safely accompany trading caravans on their long voyages south across the Sahara not only to Kumbi, but even further beyond toward the Bambuddu (Lat.: Bambotus)[5] and to the vast savanna & jungles which lay beyond the Sahara – uncharted lands populated by more 'Aethiopians' completely unfamiliar to the Roman world, a most exciting prospect. Nor do the Africans plan to spread the faith exclusively overland: they have not lost knowledge of Pliny's Fortunatae Insulae or 'Fortunate Isles'[6], which they know to be inhabited by kindred of the Moors, and the Stilichians' interest in converting those Berber natives and incorporating the islands into their kingdom will only grow with time.

As for language, African Romance or Afríganu has by this point wholly absorbed the remnants of Punic and Vandalic in the north and east, and also represents the linguistic bridge through which the Moors can communicate with other Africans. Out of all the burgeoning Romance languages it is most alike to the speech of the Sardinians, itself not far removed from Late Latin, but with much more pronounced p/v->b, c->g and t->d sound changes (among others) than Sardinian or other Romance neighbors such as Espanesco and Italiano. For a comparison, the Latin term victor ('conqueror', or indeed just…'victor') has transformed, or perhaps degenerated in the eyes of a Latin purist, into vittore (or 'Vittorio') in the latter language; but in Afríganu it is rendered instead as béddor (the same instance, capitalized, being a masculine African name as well). Another distinctive feature of Afríganu, one that it shares with Sardinian but has similarly amplified to a greater degree, is the introduction of the initial 'ar-' for words and names that begin with an r (ex. Translating Romanus, both as a personal name and a generic term meaning 'Roman', as Arromanu).

The Carthaginians, Berbers and Vandals have all left distinctive marks on Afríganu, mostly in the way of personal names and loanwords, to varying extents with the Punic/Carthaginian substratum having made the largest contributions and late-arriving Vandalic having made the least. Afríganu names with Semitic roots originate from the large cities dominated by the Sons of Dido: the four Archangels recognized by the Ephesians (Méggel, Yabrél, Arraél and Urél – corresponding respectively to the Hebrew Michael, Gabriel, Raphael and Uriel) are naturally among the most popular of this bunch for the baptism of infants, and they can universally be found across the African realm. Specific to Cartàginu and other major coastal cities one can also find people bearing names referencing ancient Phoenician deities or heroes such as Addemeryar ('Abd-Melqart'), Anébal ('Hannibal') and Léssa ('Elissa', an alternative name for Dido herself). Among the Sons of Masinissa names of a Berber origin, such as Ãdala ('Antalas'), Gudzéna ('Cutzinas') and Tia ('Thiyya') can be found in greater frequency than elsewhere; and the Sons of Stilicho are naturally more likely to bestow originally-Germanic names such as Bãdalaréu ('Vandalarius'), Brunérra ('Brunhilda') and indeed Stéléggu ('Stilicho') on their own children than the others. Of course these all supplement the Greek/Latin-descended fare such as Déogredzéanu ('Diocletian'), Néyola ('Nicholas') and Aggeléya ('Angelica') standard to the Romance languages, which remain more common than any of the above and can be found just about wherever Roman civilization has been established in Africa.

QTCHBoc.jpg

A pair of 'Sons of Stilicho' standing guard on the Libyan frontier, vigilant even in times of peace here on Christendom's front lines

The Africans maintain their own distinct military tradition, combining their inheritance of the Numidian Berbers' lightly-equipped and highly mobile forces with the heavier edge introduced by the Romans (and long before them, by the Carthaginians as well), with an eye on combating threats posed by the Donatists and Muslims in the scorching African sun. Organizationally the Stilichian kings have formed their troops up along the Roman model: theirs is a professional army, comprised of volunteers and duty-bound landowners rather than mobs of mobilized serfs, structured into vexillations led by dukes which are further divided into legions led by counts and cohorts led by barons (rather than primarchs/centurions and biarchs, as is the case with the Aloysian legions).

The soldiers are recruited and trained locally, equipped with weapons and armor either ordered from the fabricae of Cartàginu (where however such orders are always a lower priority than the demands of the imperial legions proper) or local African weaponsmiths, and financed partially by the Patriarchate of Carthage – the See of Saint Simon makes contributions for the arming & provisioning of African troops more regularly than the Papacy does for the northern legions, in keeping with its more fervently militant character, and does not need the excuse of an emergency or the waging of a great holy war to open their coffers to the army because given their geography & selection of nearby enemies, every war the Africans are likely to get into is a holy war waged against heathens of some sort by default.

Far from passively sitting in castles and fortified towns and ceding all strategic initiative to their enemies, the nobility of Africa take advantage of their soldiers' mobility to engage in retaliatory raids against first the Donatists, and now the Saracens all the time, and their mutual hostility is fast turning much of Libya into a no man's land[7]. After all, Islamic ghazw do not require a formal state of war to exist to raid Christian Africa for plunder & slaves, and when they aren't actively campaigning alongside the imperial army the Africans as a whole are happy to answer in the only language they understand: eye for eye, tooth for tooth, and blood for blood. When on campaign alongside the legions of Rome, African forces can usually be found in an auxiliary role, compensating for the primary weakness in the Aloysian military – a lack of light troops – by placing their abundance of agile skirmishers and horsemen, with years of experience at both waging and defending against raids, at the Emperor's disposal.

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An African knight leading his men into combat against a Muslim raiding party who have dared to trespass upon his estate

The African chivalry fights primarily as heavy cavalry, not too different from their counterparts in Europe and the paladins of the Aloysian army. Along the usual mail armor and subarmalis they prefer more antiquated ridge helmets and older spangenhelm designs over the ones favored by Northern Romans, and to deal with the African heat it is not uncommon for these heavy warriors to don hats, turbans (not unlike the Greek phakeolis) and cloaks (the ancient byrus Numidicus or coarse hooded cloak traditionally worn by Berber men) so as to keep the Sun's searing rays off of themselves (and almost as bad, their metal armor). They primarily differ from the legions of the north in having an unusually high proportion of horse-archers in their ranks for a Roman fighting force: young African gentlemen who have reached fighting age are expected to accompany their fathers and older brothers into battles & raids, armed with bows with which they've been practicing since they were children, and to play a supporting role in combat similar to the caballarii pueri of the legions – screening for their elders, skirmishing with the enemy at a distance, and turning back to charge with swords, axes & maces drawn to back up the older knights & nobles once the latter have gone in with their lances.

Lesser soldiers of the African army largely eschew mail or scale hauberks in favor of wearing the subarmalis, or padded jacket normally worn under such heavy gear by the legions & nobles, as their primary armor. Typically constructed of layers of leather or quilted linen, the African version of these early gambesons are made to be thicker than those in the north and thus better able to withstand blows and arrows: the Roman standard is either up to a dozen glued together or fewer layers with wool packed between them, but in Africa sixteen to twenty layers is not uncommon. Though it may not make for soldiers as visually imposing as the glittering legions of Rome and outside observers can question whether such padded clothing is actually all that protective, this cloth armor serves well enough against the enemies they are most likely to fight: Muslim raiders and warriors have found Africans equipped with the heavy subarmalis are still capable of fighting even after being shot with enough arrows to resemble walking pincushions.

Common African troops are armed with skirmishing/missile weapons to a much greater degree than the soldiers of Europe. In addition to the plumbata war-darts adopted from the legions, javelins are extremely common, as are bows, crossbows and even slings (doubtless picked up from the nearby Baleares which contributed regiments of masterful slingers to Hannibal's army in ages past, and still useful against mobile Muslim foes). This serves their agile fighting style well – the Africans are more inclined to engage their opponents in an extended exchange of missiles before closing in for the melee than most Romans. The Africans also rely greatly on having a large number of hardy steeds at hand for the purpose of mobility, with even their infantry preferring to ride horses to the battlefield before dismounting to fight: all the better to not only more effectively counter Islamic raids, but also launch their own raids into Muslim territory and then get away back into African lands with their booty.

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African soldiers launching a reprisal raid into Islamic Cyrenaica. The lead legionary in particular can be seen wearing a thickened subarmalis without an additional metal lorica over it, a style unique to African fighters

Horses are not the only beast Africans ride into combat. The camel, introduced to Africa in the fourth century, has not only served African traders & herders well in peacetime but also become a remarkably important and unique element to the African military that further distinguishes its soldiers from those of the rest of the Empire. The dromedarii were in the past an auxiliary unit of camel-riders organized in the Roman Middle East from Trajan's time; now they have made their grand return, not only in the ranks of the Ghassanid and Kalb federates, but also in those of Stilichian Africa. The camel's tolerance for heat, sparse vegetation and rugged desert or savanna terrain make it an ideal mount (or even just a means of transporting supplies & soldiers) in North Africa and across the Sahara, and its meat and milk have found their way into the African diet; camels are usually only butchered for meat when absolutely necessary to stave off starvation, said meat's typical coarseness being disagreeable to the Roman palate, but the milk is invaluable as a drink and the Stilichians know from their Moorish subjects that a man can survive on it for an entire month. Africa's specialized cohorts of camelry are trained to fight with bows and lances, not dissimilar to most other sorts of African cavalry, but the fear a camel's scent puts into horses has given them a niche role as anti-cavalry cavalry, always useful when fighting the horsemen of the Islamic armies. Unfortunately the North African elephant of Hannibal's day had already been hunted to extinction by no later than the introduction of the camel, else the Stilichians would gladly have fielded a war-elephant corps as well.

3EuFWtN.jpg

Model of an African camel-rider armed with a bow and spear. Even in combat, it is not uncommon for such soldiers to wear turbans or sun-hats over their helmets to keep the heat just a little bit further away

====================================================================================

[1] Tangier.

[2] At least some of the Vandals were known to have settled in Pannonia and become foederati under Constantine I in 330. Considering that Stilicho himself was born just under 30 years after that date, his father likely belonged to this group, and not the Vandals who still lived beyond Roman borders (eventually crossing said borders at the Rhine in 406) instead.

[3] Afríganu term for qanats, comparable to modern Algerian foggara/fughara.

[4] Taking the place of the Spanish legend of Santiago Matamoros (Saint James the Greater as the 'Moor-Slayer' who won the Battle of Clavijo for the Christian Spaniards), since the Muslims haven't broken through to Spain ITL.

[5] The Senegal River.

[6] The Canary Islands.

[7] Comparable to the Desert of the Duero in the early stages of the Reconquista, but with more literal deserts.

Good chapter,thanks.
They should not rebel,unless Rome do something really stupid.
Berbers do not like arabs even now - so use them against muslims is very good idea.

And,paradise island was not Canaries,which roman known,but Carribean.Which probably phoenicians visited many times.
And now,knowing about America,Berbers could go there.
There is kind of sea road from Canaries to Carribean,with return through Azores.Which phoenicians knew,too.
All you need is wait for winds,which go West for half a year,and return when they start go East.

Another possibility - take South Africa,and reclaim Madagascar from muslims.After that,use it for sailing to India - and get spices there.

I guess the African Inquisition is not as flashy as OTL Spanish was.



It was parody of Inquisition.Real one do not try convert jews,only found and remove their agents.
Becouse they were muslim fifth column which in OTL made conqest of Spain possible,and were exiled becouse they remained fifth column.
With 6 month time for selling their property.

To compare - when jews helped soviets exile poles after 1939,we have 1 hour to take needed things - as much as family could take.
Homes were taken by soviets and jews.

Yes,Inquisition was so bad.....
 

Circle of Willis

Well-known member
It occurred to me that we're already 1/4 of the way through the 8th century, so I thought it'd be a good time for another factional overview chapter :) As you might guess, the Africans have taken on the militaristic character we normally associate with the Reconquista-era and post-Reconquista Spanish Christians: there's not so much need for the Visigoths' descendants to be that way since they aren't the ones sharing a border with Islam ITL. Couple that with Carthaginian theology being probably the most hard-line of all the Ephesian Sees (as has been said before their positions are the closest of the seven to what we'd recognize as Calvinism, the most unforgiving of the major Protestant strands I can think of and the one that's most heavily inclined toward outright theocracy - you can still see echoes of that tendency even today in the Reconstructionist movement of RJ Rushdoony) and well, it's a given that the Africans are going to be the least 'chill' of the Christians under the Roman aegis overall.

Most likely it's something the other Sees are going to have to rein in somewhat at the next church council, especially since the Africans are diametrically opposed to the British Christians who the Aloysians are trying to bring back into the fold. (As contact and conflict with the Donatists pushed the already extremely Augustinian-influenced African Ephesians in such an extreme fundamentalist direction, so too contact with and residual influence from the Pelagians will almost certainly push British Ephesianism toward polar-opposite positions and ideas like Limbo.)

My understanding is that the Spanish Inquisition was a centralized body under the direct control of the Spanish Crown, which yeah, pretty much everyone ITL (including the Africans) are still very far away from. The proto-inquisition the Carthaginians have got going is more in line with the pre-Cathar bishop-driven inquisition - much more local and decentralized in nature. It should be noted that in addition to the inquisitions not actually killing as many people as has been claimed in the past, while burning heretics at the stake is a thing (as it was in the RL Roman/Byzantine Empire since the 6th-7th centuries) it is supposed to be a last resort, since resorting to it is a tacit admission that the Ephesian tribunal has failed to bring a wayward heretic back to the true path - and it means missing out on the major symbolic victory of getting a heretic to repent and be saved, which even the most hard-line African Ephesian can still see is what converting a Donatist (the most common sort of heretic they'd run into, infamous for being even more merciless & puritanical than they are) would be.

As to future colonial prospects...that is of course a huge spoiler. But I can say that simple geography dictates that if the Africans get involved, they'll probably target South America and spawn a Moorish 'Brazil' somewhere down there while the actual Brazil equivalent (as in, one that's recognizably Portuguese-looking/Lusophone) is more likely to crop up further north, if the Celtiberians (who hold Iberian Galicia, and thus speak Galician-Portuguese/Old Portuguese in contrast to the Espanesco-speaking Visigoth-descended Spaniards) also join the efforts to settle the far west.
 

PsihoKekec

Swashbuckling Accountant
It's funny how these days you can find information on internet about resettlement of the Desert of Duerro, but not why the area was depopulated in the first place. And yet, such deserts kept popping up on the borders of islam.
 

ATP

Well-known member
It occurred to me that we're already 1/4 of the way through the 8th century, so I thought it'd be a good time for another factional overview chapter :) As you might guess, the Africans have taken on the militaristic character we normally associate with the Reconquista-era and post-Reconquista Spanish Christians: there's not so much need for the Visigoths' descendants to be that way since they aren't the ones sharing a border with Islam ITL. Couple that with Carthaginian theology being probably the most hard-line of all the Ephesian Sees (as has been said before their positions are the closest of the seven to what we'd recognize as Calvinism, the most unforgiving of the major Protestant strands I can think of and the one that's most heavily inclined toward outright theocracy - you can still see echoes of that tendency even today in the Reconstructionist movement of RJ Rushdoony) and well, it's a given that the Africans are going to be the least 'chill' of the Christians under the Roman aegis overall.

Most likely it's something the other Sees are going to have to rein in somewhat at the next church council, especially since the Africans are diametrically opposed to the British Christians who the Aloysians are trying to bring back into the fold. (As contact and conflict with the Donatists pushed the already extremely Augustinian-influenced African Ephesians in such an extreme fundamentalist direction, so too contact with and residual influence from the Pelagians will almost certainly push British Ephesianism toward polar-opposite positions and ideas like Limbo.)

My understanding is that the Spanish Inquisition was a centralized body under the direct control of the Spanish Crown, which yeah, pretty much everyone ITL (including the Africans) are still very far away from. The proto-inquisition the Carthaginians have got going is more in line with the pre-Cathar bishop-driven inquisition - much more local and decentralized in nature. It should be noted that in addition to the inquisitions not actually killing as many people as has been claimed in the past, while burning heretics at the stake is a thing (as it was in the RL Roman/Byzantine Empire since the 6th-7th centuries) it is supposed to be a last resort, since resorting to it is a tacit admission that the Ephesian tribunal has failed to bring a wayward heretic back to the true path - and it means missing out on the major symbolic victory of getting a heretic to repent and be saved, which even the most hard-line African Ephesian can still see is what converting a Donatist (the most common sort of heretic they'd run into, infamous for being even more merciless & puritanical than they are) would be.

As to future colonial prospects...that is of course a huge spoiler. But I can say that simple geography dictates that if the Africans get involved, they'll probably target South America and spawn a Moorish 'Brazil' somewhere down there while the actual Brazil equivalent (as in, one that's recognizably Portuguese-looking/Lusophone) is more likely to crop up further north, if the Celtiberians (who hold Iberian Galicia, and thus speak Galician-Portuguese/Old Portuguese in contrast to the Espanesco-speaking Visigoth-descended Spaniards) also join the efforts to settle the far west.
Main reason for creating papal Inquisition - bishops sometimes was used by their rulers to target their opponents.
Since it would not happen here,we probably do not see Central Inquisition till some major disaster happen to HRE.
 

gral

Well-known member
The latest chapter just reminded me of something I had already wondered about: are we going to see a Saint Thomas Aquinas-like figure here? Yes, I know, he's some 5 centuries in the future in OTL, but I can't help but wonder.
 

ATP

Well-known member
The latest chapter just reminded me of something I had already wondered about: are we going to see a Saint Thomas Aquinas-like figure here? Yes, I know, he's some 5 centuries in the future in OTL, but I can't help but wonder.
We should have.More Aristotle works survived here,so his philosophy should be more supported.
 

gral

Well-known member
We should have.More Aristotle works survived here,so his philosophy should be more supported.
Yes, that's a big part of the reason I asked. More of Aristotle being preserved could lead to an earlier attempt to conciliate Aristotle's ideas and christian theology.
 
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Circle of Willis

Well-known member
The latest chapter just reminded me of something I had already wondered about: are we going to see a Saint Thomas Aquinas-like figure here? Yes, I know, he's some 5 centuries in the future in OTL, but I can't help but wonder.
Yes - I've thought about the matter myself and come to the conclusion that the Roman Empire surviving and the classics (including Aristotelian works) not being lost would shave probably centuries off of the intellectual flowering of the Western Church and the development of what we'd identify as Thomism. If the HRE gets another intellectually-inclined emperor like Constantine VI who'd be especially interested in patronizing such an intellectual titan, all the better of course.

That said such a thing (and for that matter intensive European colonization of the New World) is still a very long way off in my outline - @ATP trust me when I say that I have not failed to notice all those times you brought up the Amber Road, and that we will certainly get around to that before the *Aquinas of the TL shows up and the Romans build their first real city on the other side of the Atlantic, haha.
 
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